Κλάδος: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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==Taxonomy and systematics==
The idea of "clade" did not exist in pre-[[Charles Darwin|Darwinian]] [[Linnaean taxonomy]], which was based only on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] similarities between organisms, though many of the better known animal groups in Linnaeus' original [[Systema Naturae]] (notably the [[vertebrate]]s) represent clades. With the publication of Darwin's [[Evolution|theory of evolution]] in 1859, taxonomy gained a theoretical basis, and the idea that systematic units represent branches on the evolutionary [[Tree of Life]] was born. In the century and a half since then, taxonomists have worked to make the taxonomic system reflect evolution. However, as the Tree of Life branches rather unevenly, the [[hierarchy]] of the Linnaean system does not always lend itself well to represent clades. When it comes to [[Nomenclature#Biology|naming]], [[cladistics]] and [[Linnaean taxonomy]] are not always compatible. Particularly higher level taxons in Linnaean taxonomy often represent [[evolutionary grade]]s rather than clades, i.e. clades where one or two sub-branches have been excluded. Typical examples include [[Osteichthyes|bony fishes]], who include the ancestor of [[tetrapoda|tetrapods]], and [[reptiles]], ancestral to both [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s.<ref group=note>The term "reptile" is here to be understood as traditionally defined, e.g. <ref>Romer & Parson (1985): ''The Vertebrate Body.'' (6th ed.) Saunders, Philadelphia.</ref> There are other (cladistic) definitions of "reptile" that exclude the first [[amniote]]s and the [[synapsid]] line, see [[Sauropsida]].</ref>
 
In [[phylogenetic nomenclature]], clades can be nested at any level, and do not have to be slotted into a [[ranking|rank]] in an overall hierarchy. In contrast, the Linnaean units of "[[order (biology)|order]]," "[[class (biology)|class]]" etc. must be used when naming a new taxon. As there are only seven formal levels to the Linnaean system (whereof [[species]] is the lowest), there is a finite amount of sub- and super-units that can be applied. As taxonomic trees ([[cladogram]]s) become more detailed, some researchers intimately familiar with the topography of the trees they are working with have opted to dispense with the ranks all together, using clade names without Linnaean ranks. The preference of one system over the other is mainly one of application: Cladistics give details, but require intimate knowledge, the Linnaean system gives a well ordered overview, at the expense of details of the phylogenetic tree.
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