Άνω Νότος: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 15:
Αυτοί οι δύο ορισμοί καλύπτουν την ίδια γενική περιοχή. Ο Ορεινός Νότος, μη οριζόμενος από σύνορα πολιτειών, περιλαμβάνει μέρη πολιτειών του Κάτω Νότου, όπως την βορειοδυτική [[Νότια Καρολίνα]] , τη [[Βόρεια Γεωργία]], τη [[Βόρεια Αλαμπάμα]] (και, σε κάποιους ορισμούς, [[Κεντρική Αλαμπάμα]]), την ανατολική [[Οκλαχόμα]]. Επίσης περιλαμβάνει μέρη από κάποιες Βόρειες πολιτείες, όπως το [[Μικρή Αίγυπτο (περιοχή)|νότιο Ιλινόις]] (οι [[Λόφοι Σώουνι]]), τη [[Νότια Ιντιάνα]], την Νοτιοδυτική και Νοτιο-κεντρική Πενσιλβάνια, και το [[Νότιο Οχάιο]]. Μερικές φορές το βορειοανατολικό [[Μισισίπι]] και το δυτικό [[Μέριλαντ]] περιλαμβάνονται επίσης. Ομοίως, ο Ορεινός Νότος συχνά δεν περιλαμβάνει μέρη κάποιων πολιτειών του Άνω Νότου, όπως η [[εγκόλπωση του Μισσισσιππή]] (η οποία περιλαμβάνει το ανατολικό Αρκάνσας, το Μιζούρι [[Μπούτχιλ]], την [[Αγορά του Τζάκσον|περιοχή της Αγοράς]] του Κεντάκι, και μέρος του [[Δυτικό Τενεσσί|Δυτικού Τενεσσί]]), και οι παραλιακοί κάμποι της Βόρειας Καρολίνας και της Βιρτζίνια.
==Ιστορία και κουλτούρα==
Ο Άνω Νότος διαφέρει από τον Βαθύ Νότο κατά αρκετούς σημαντικούς τρόπους· το γήινο ανάγλυφο, την ιστορία, τα οικονομικά, τα δημογραφικά, και τα σχέδια οικισμών.
===Origins===
The Upland South emerged as a distinct region in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Migration and settlement patterns from colonial coastal regions into the interior had been established for many decades, but the scale grew dramatically toward the end of the 18th century. The general pattern was a westward migration from the lowcountry and Piedmont regions of Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, as well as a southwestern migration from [[Pennsylvania]]. Large numbers of European immigrants arrived in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] and followed the [[Great Wagon Road]] west and south into the Appalachian Highlands, via the [[Great Appalachian Valley]]. These migration streams from Virginia and Pennsylvania resulted in the [[Shenandoah Valley]] becoming well-settled as early as 1750. The early settlers of the [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]] were mainly Upland Southerners.<ref>{{cite book |last= Turner |first= Frederick Jackson |title= The Frontier in American History |publisher= Holt |year= 1921 |pages= 164–166}} online at [http://books.google.com/books?id=vtF1AAAAMAAJ Google Books]</ref> Much of the culture of the Upland South originated in southeastern Pennsylvania and spread down the Shenandoah Valley.<ref name=Sisson>{{cite book |last= Sisson |first= Richard |coauthors= Christian K. Zacher, Andrew Robert Lee Cayton |title= The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia |publisher= Indiana University Press |year= 2007 |isbn= 9780253348869 |pages= 196–198}} online at [http://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC Google Books]</ref>
These migration streams eventually spread through Appalachia and westward through the [[Appalachian Plateau]] region into the Ozarks and Ouachitas, and ultimately contributed to the settlement of the [[Texas Hill Country]].<ref>Meinig (1998), pg. 224</ref> The main ethnicities of these early settlers included [[English American|English]], Irish, Scottish, and [[German American|German]].<ref>Drake (2001), pp. 36-38, describes these early pioneer ethnic groups and notes that the term "Scotch-Irish" (Scots-Irish), while predominately Presbyterian northern Irish, also included a significant number of Catholic southern Irish; and that the term "English" was a general catch-all term including ancestries such as French Huguenot ([[John Sevier]]'s family, for example). On the topic of colonial Catholic Irish immigration, see also Williams (2002), pp. 43-44.</ref> The early culture of the Upland South was influenced by other European ethnicities. For example, the Swedes and Finns of [[New Sweden]] — relatively few in number but pioneering Pennsylvania before the Germans and Irish arrived — contributed techniques of forest pioneering such as the [[log cabin]], the "zig-zag" [[split-rail fence]], and frontier methods of [[shifting cultivation]] such as [[girdling]] trees and using [[slash and burn]] to convert forest into temporary crop and pasture land.<ref>Williams (2002), pg. 104</ref>
The pattern of settlement that had begun in the Appalachian foothills was continued and extended through the mountains and highlands to the west and across the [[Mississippi River]] into the Ozark highland region. Where there was the danger of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indian]] attacks, people settled at first in clustered "stations", but as danger lessened settlement tended to be in a rural, dispersed, kin-structured pattern, with relatively few towns and cities. These early settlers of the Upland South tended to practice small-scale farming, stock raising, and hunting. This settlement pattern of the Upland South was markedly different from the Deep South and the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].
A significant portion of the 19th century settlers of the Midwest were from the Upland South. The southern Midwest was most heavily settled by Upland Southerners, especially in Missouri, southern Indiana and Illinois.<ref name=Sisson/> This early migration to the southern Midwest included many African Americans. They were mainly freed slaves, but slavery was permitted in some places such as [[Cincinnati]], under the [[Missouri Compromise]] of 1820. In the mid 19th century there were concentrations of African Americans in east-central Indiana, southwest Michigan, and elsewhere.<ref name=Sisson/> Due to their early settlement of the Midwest, Upland Southerners initially controlled territorial and state governments, and played a major role in establishing the political and social culture, such as the [[Black Codes (United States)|Black Laws]] of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.<ref name=Sisson/> Over the 19th century the percentage of Upland Southerners fell, especially as large numbers of native born Midwesterners joined the population.<ref name=Sisson/>
===Distinct from neighboring regions===
The Deep South is generally associated historically with [[cotton]]. By 1850 the term "Cotton States" was in common use and the differences between the Deep South (lower) and Upland South (upper) recognized. A key difference was the Deep South's [[plantation]]-style [[cash crop]] agriculture (mainly cotton, [[rice]], [[sugar]]), using [[African American]] [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] working large farms while plantation owners tended to live in towns and cities. This system of plantation farming was originally developed in the [[Caribbean|West Indies]] and introduced to the United States in South Carolina and [[Louisiana]], from where it spread throughout the Deep South, although there were local exceptions wherever conditions did not support the system. The sharp division between town and country, the intensive use of a few cash crops, and the high proportion of slaves, all contrasted with the Upland South. Virginia and its surrounding region stands out as different from both the Upland South and the Deep South. Its history predates the West Indian plantation model, and while [[tobacco]] was a cash crop from the start, and African slaves became widely used, Virginia did not share many of the Deep South's characteristics, such as the early proliferation of towns and cities.<ref>For Antebellum differences between the Upper South and Lower South, see Meinig (1998) pp. 222-224</ref>
As a result of the difference in the use of slaves, the boundary between the Upland South and Deep South can still be seen today on maps showing the population percentage of African-Americans. The term [[Black Belt (U.S. region)|Black Belt]] originally referred to a region of black soil in Alabama that was especially good for cotton farming (the [[Black Belt (region of Alabama)|Black Belt of Alabama]]), but has become more commonly used today to refer to the region of the South with a high percentage of African-Americans. In contrast, the Upland South was less involved with slavery from the start.
In addition, the [[Cotton Belt (region)|Cotton Belt]] of the Deep South was controlled by Indians (mainly the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] of the [[Cherokee]], [[Creek people|Creek]], [[Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw]], and [[Seminole]]) powerful enough to keep pioneering settlers from moving into the region. The Deep South's cotton boom did not occur until after the Indians were [[Indian Removal|forced west]] in the early 19th century. In contrast, the Upland South, Kentucky and Tennessee especially, were the scene of Indian resistance and pioneering settlement in the late 18th century. Thus the Upland South was already colonized and had established its particular settlement patterns before most of the Deep South was opened to general colonization.
[[File:Mountain Homeplace.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Johnson County, KY in eastern Kentucky'']] [[File:Standing-stone-state-forest-tn1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Hardwood forest in Middle Tennessee'']]
The differences between the Upland South and lowlands of the South's Atlantic Seaboard and cotton belt often resulted in regional tension and conflict within states.<ref name=turner>{{cite book |last= Turner |first= Frederick Jackson |title= The Frontier in American History |publisher= Holt |year= 1921 |pages= 116–117}} online at [http://books.google.com/books?id=vtF1AAAAMAAJ Google Books]</ref> For example, during the late 18th century, the upland "backcountry" of North Carolina and South Carolina grew in population until the Upland Southerners of these areas outnumbered the older, well-established, wealthier coastal populations. In some cases the conflict between the two resulted in warfare, such as [[War of the Regulation]] in North Carolina.<ref name=turner/> Later, similar processes resulted in divergent populations in states to the west. Northern Alabama, for example, was settled from Tennessee by Upland Southerners, while southern Alabama was one of the core regions of the Deep South cotton boom. During the [[American Civil War]] some areas of the Upland South were noted for their resistance to the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. The uplands of western Virginia became the state of West Virginia as a result, though half the counties of the new state were Secessionist, and partisan warfare continued throughout the war.<ref>Weigley, Russell F., ''A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865'', Indiana Univ. Press, 2000, pg. 55</ref> Kentucky and Missouri remained in the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] but were torn by internal strife. The southern Appalachian region of [[East Tennessee]], parts of western [[North Carolina]] and some parts of northern Alabama and northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] were widely noted for their pro-Union sentiments.
The two regions also differ physically. The upland south is dominated by deciduous hardwood forest, in contrast to the Deep South's predominately evergreen pine forests. The upland south is often much hillier than the deep south, due to the Deep south being part of the coastal plain.
===Upland South today===
The Upland South contains its own sub-regions. The fertile lowlands of the [[Nashville Basin]] and the [[Bluegrass region|Bluegrass Basin]] gave rise to the truly urban cities of [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] and [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]], which grew into banking and mercantile centers in the 19th century, home to an elite class of Upland Southerners, including bankers, lawyers, and politicians. Most of the Upland South, however, remained rural in character.
Although historically very rural, the Upland South was one of the nation's early industrial regions and continues to be today. [[Mining]] of [[coal mining|coal]], [[iron]], [[copper]], and other minerals has been part of the region's economy since the 18th century. As early as 1750 lead and zinc were mined in [[Wythe County, Virginia]], and copper was mined and [[Smelting|smelted]] in [[Polk County, Tennessee]]. Two major Appalachian [[gold mining|goldfield]]s were developed, the first in western North Carolina beginning in 1799. By 1825 [[Rutherford County, North Carolina|Rutherford County]] was the center of the nation's most extensive [[gold mining]]. In 1828 a much richer Gold Strike was made in north Georgia, mostly within what was then the territory of the [[Cherokee Nation]]. The mining camp of [[Dahlonega, Georgia|Dahlonega]] boomed during the ensuing [[Georgia Gold Rush]]. Iron [[Foundry|foundries]] in Virginia and early coal mining operations in central Appalachia date to before 1850.<ref>{{cite book |last= Drake |first= Richard B. |title= A History of Appalachia |year= 2003 |publisher= University Press of Kentucky |isbn= 9780813190600 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ngz-jTApvNoC&pg=PA70#v=onepage |pages=70–71}}</ref> Furnaces and forges were built in the Appalachians of north central Alabama as early as 1818. Some were fueled with nearby deposits of [[bituminous coal]]. Similar examples of early urban-industrial areas include Embree's Iron Works in East Tennessee (1808), the Red River iron region of [[Estill County, Kentucky]] (1806-8), and the Jackson Iron Works near [[Morgantown, West Virginia]] (1830). [[Wheeling, West Virginia]] was known as "Nail City" in the 1840s and 1850s. By 1860 Tennessee was the third largest iron producing state in the nation, after Pennsylvania and New York.<ref>{{cite book |last= Williams |first= John Alexander |title= Appalachia: A History |year= 2002 |publisher= University of North Carolina Press |isbn= 9780807853689 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=vKJhyDF8UsUC&pg=PA128#v=onepage |page= 128}}</ref> The scale of mining, especially coal mining, increased dramatically after 1870.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/countryboys/readings/appalachia.html A Short History of Kentucky/Central Appalachia], [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|FRONTLINE]]</ref> The importance of mining and metallurgy can be seen in the many towns with names such as [[Pigeon Forge, Tennessee|Pigeon Forge]] and [[Bloomery, Hampshire County, West Virginia|Bloomery]] (a [[bloomery]] being a type of smelting furnace), scattered across the Upland South.
[[Logging]] has also been an important part of the Upland South's economy. The region became the United States' primary source of timber after railroads allowed large scale industrial logging in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Today, the importance of the Upland South's forests can be seen in its many national forests, such as [[Cherokee National Forest]] in Tennessee, [[Nantahala National Forest]] in North Carolina, and [[Daniel Boone National Forest]] in Kentucky, among many others. The Upland South's terrain and forests, as well as history and culture, occur in parts of states usually associated with the Midwest and Deep South. These areas are often associated with national forests, for example [[Shawnee National Forest]] in southern Illinois, [[Hoosier National Forest]] in southern Indiana, [[Wayne National Forest]] in southeast Ohio, [[William B. Bankhead National Forest]] in northern Alabama, [[Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest]] in northern Georgia, [[Sumter National Forest]] in South Carolina, and [[Ouachita National Forest]] in Arkansas and Oklahoma.
[[Textile]] mills and industry have been an important factor in the Upland South's economy since the time of the Deep South's cotton boom.
Today the Upland South contains a diversity of people and economics. Some parts, like the Shenandoah Valley, are famous for their rural qualities, while other parts, like the [[Tennessee Valley]], are heavily industrialized. [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]] and [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]] are both centers of industry and scientific research.
===Upper South as a cultural region===
The Upper South today remains a culture region, with distinct ancestry<ref>http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/culture/ancestry.gif</ref> (predominantly American as indicated on the census), dialect,<ref>http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NatMap2.GIF</ref> cuisine, religion<ref>http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/baptist.gif</ref> and other characteristics. The heavily rhoticized Upland Southern dialect still predominates in much of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and the western portions of North Carolina and Virginia. Noticeable influence can even be found in parts of Deep South states such and northern Georgia and Alabama and parts of the southern portions of the Midwestern states of Missouri, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. Like the Deep South, the region is heavily evangelical Protestant with Baptists making up a plurality in the vast majority of counties. The cuisine of the Upper South is generally closely related to the lowland the south, excluding southern low-country areas in which the cuisine tends to involve seafood and rice, which are not common in the upper south. Tobacco is still a large crop in Kentucky and North Carolina.
[[Image:Tobacco Production US.png|thumb|300px| Map of primary areas of Tobacco production in the U.S., with the areas of heaviest production in dark green and those of lighter production in light green<ref>http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Ag_Atlas_Maps/Crops_and_Plants/Field_Crops_Harvested/07-M191.asp</ref>]]
== Παραπομπές ==
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