Προεδρική εκλογή των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών 1964: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 45:
Κατά την διάρκεια της επακολουθούσας περιόδου [[πένθος|πένθους]], οι Ρεπουμπλικανοί ζήτησαν μια περίοδο πολιτικού μορατόριουμ, ώστε να μην φανούν ασεβείς.<ref>{{cite news|title=GOP Leaders Ask Halt in Campaign|first=Homer|last=Bigart|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 26, 1963|page=11}}</ref> As such, little politicking was done by the candidates of either major party until January 1964, when the primary season officially began. At the time, most political [[Pundit (expert)|pundits]] saw Kennedy's assassination as leaving the nation politically unsettled.<ref name="Assassination"/>
==Nominations==
=== Democratic Party ===
{{Main|Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1964}}
Democratic candidates
*[[Lyndon B. Johnson]], U.S. President from [[Texas]]
*[[George Wallace]], governor of [[Alabama]]
====Candidates gallery====
<gallery>
Image:37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|[[President of the United States|President]] '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' of [[Texas]]
Image:George C Wallace (Alaba Governor).png|[[Governor of Alabama|Governor]] '''[[George Wallace]]''' of [[Alabama]]
</gallery>
====Primaries====
The nomination of Johnson was assured, but he wanted to control the convention and avoid a public fight over civil rights. Nonetheless, Johnson faced challenges from two sides over civil rights issues over the course of the nomination season.
The segregationist Governor of Alabama, [[George Wallace]], ran in a number of northern primaries against Johnson, and did surprisingly well in primaries in [[Maryland]], [[Indiana]], and [[Wisconsin]] against [[favorite son]] candidates who were [[stalking horse]]s for Johnson. All favorite-sons, however, won their primaries. In California Yorty lost to Brown.
[[File:1964DemocraticPresidentialPrimaries.svg|thumb|390px|Democratic primary results by state.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{legend|#c1c1c1|No primary held}}
{{legend|#a59400|[[Daniel Brewster]]}}
{{legend|#73638c|[[Pat Brown]]}}
{{legend|#668c63|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]}}
{{legend|#5d73e5|[[Albert S. Porter]]}}
{{Col-2}}
{{legend|#c67742|[[Jennings Randolph]]}}
{{legend|#423121|[[John W. Reynolds, Jr.]]}}
{{legend|#d77da7|[[Matthew E. Welsh]]}}
{{legend|#000000|Unpledged}}
{{Col-end}}
]]
Total popular vote:
*[[Pat Brown]] - 1,693,813 (27.26%)
*[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] - 1,106,999 (17.82%)
*[[Sam Yorty]] - 798,431 (12.85%)
*[[George Wallace]] - 672,984 (10.83%)
*[[John W. Reynolds, Jr.|John W. Reynolds]] - 522,405 (8.41%)
*[[Albert S. Porter]] - 493,619 (7.94%)
*[[Matthew E. Welsh]] - 376,023 (6.05%)
*[[Daniel Brewster]] - 267,106 (4.30%)
*[[Jennings Randolph]] - 131,432 (2.12%)
*Unpledged - 81,614 (1.31)
*[[Robert F. Kennedy]] - 36,258 (0.58%)
*Other - 23,235 (0.37%)
*[[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.|Henry Cabot Lodge]] (write-in) - 8,495 (0.14%)
*[[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] - 800 (0.01%)
*[[Hubert Humphrey]] - 548 (0.01%)
At the national convention the integrated [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]] (MFDP) claimed the seats for delegates for Mississippi, not on the grounds of the Party rules, but because the official Mississippi delegation had been elected by a [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] primary. The party's liberal leaders supported an even division of the seats between the two delegations; Johnson was concerned that, while the regular Democrats of Mississippi would probably vote for Goldwater anyway, rejecting them would lose him the South. Eventually, [[Hubert Humphrey]], [[Walter Reuther]] and the black civil rights leaders including [[Roy Wilkins]], [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], and [[Bayard Rustin]] worked out a compromise: the MFDP took two seats; the regular Mississippi delegation was required to pledge to support the party ticket; and no future Democratic convention would accept a delegation chosen by a discriminatory poll. [[Joseph L. Rauh, Jr.]], the MFDP's lawyer, initially refused this deal, but they eventually took their seats. Many white delegates from Mississippi and Alabama refused to sign any pledge, and left the convention; and many young civil rights workers were offended by any compromise.<ref>Unger and Unger; ''LBJ; a Life'' (1999) pp. 325-6; Dallek ''Flawed Giant'', p. 164; Evans and Novak (1966) 451-56 claim that the MFDP fell under the influence of "black radicals" and rejected their seats.</ref> Johnson carried the South as a whole in the election, but lost [[Louisiana]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[South Carolina]].
Johnson also faced trouble from [[Robert F. Kennedy]], President Kennedy's younger brother and the U.S. [[Attorney General]]. Kennedy and Johnson had personally disliked one another since the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]], when Robert Kennedy had tried to prevent Johnson from becoming his brother's running mate, a move that deeply embittered both men. In early 1964, despite his personal animosity for the president, Kennedy had tried to force Johnson to accept him as his running mate. Johnson eliminated this threat by announcing that none of his cabinet members would be considered for second place on the Democratic ticket. Johnson also became concerned that Kennedy might use his scheduled speech at the 1964 Democratic Convention to create a groundswell of emotion among the delegates to make him Johnson's running mate; he prevented this by deliberately scheduling Kennedy's speech on the last day of the convention, after his running mate had already been chosen. Shortly after the 1964 Democratic Convention, Kennedy decided to leave Johnson's cabinet and run for the U.S. Senate in [[New York]]; he won the general election in November. Johnson chose Senator [[Hubert Humphrey]] of [[Minnesota]], a liberal and civil rights activist, as his running mate. (It was noted that the need for a vice-presidential candidate, in the aftermath of John Kennedy's assassination, provided some suspense for the convention.)
===Republican Party===
{{Main|Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1964}}
Republican candidates
*[[John W. Byrnes]], U.S. representative from [[Wisconsin]]
*[[Hiram Fong]], U.S. senator from [[Hawaii]]
*[[Barry M. Goldwater]], U.S. senator from [[Arizona]]
*[[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], former U.S. senator and 1960 vice-presidential nominee from [[Massachusetts]]
*[[Nelson A. Rockefeller]], [[Governor of New York|Governor]] and candidate for the 1960 nomination from [[New York]]
*[[Margaret Chase Smith]], U.S. senator from [[Maine]]
*[[Harold E. Stassen]], former [[Governor of Minnesota|Minnesota Governor]] and candidate for the 1944, 1948 and 1952 nominations, running from [[Pennsylvania]]
====Candidates gallery====
<gallery>
File:BarryGoldwater.png|Senator '''[[Barry Goldwater]]''' of [[Arizona]]
File:NelsonRockefeller.png|[[Governor of New York|Governor]] '''[[Nelson Rockefeller]]''' of [[New York]]
File:MargaretChaseSmith.jpg|Senator '''[[Margaret Chase Smith]]''' of [[Maine]]
File:Hiram_Fong.jpg|Senator '''[[Hiram Fong]]''' of [[Hawaii]]
File:HenryCabotLodgeJr.jpg|former Senator '''[[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]''' of [[Massachusetts]]
File:Harold Stassen.jpg|former [[Governor of Minnesota|Governor]] '''[[Harold Stassen]]''' of [[Minnesota]]
</gallery>
====The primaries====
[[File:1964RepublicanPresidentialPrimaries.svg|thumb|390px|Republican primaries results by state
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{legend|#c1c1c1|No primary held}}
{{legend|#423121|[[John W. Byrnes]]}}
{{legend|#a59400|[[Barry Goldwater]]}}
{{legend|#73638c|[[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]]}}
{{Col-2}}
{{legend|#668c63|[[James A. Rhodes]]}}
{{legend|#5d73e5|[[Nelson Rockefeller]]}}
{{legend|#c67742|[[William W. Scranton]]}}
{{Col-end}}
Technically in South Dakota and Florida, Goldwater finished in second to "Unpledged Delegates," but he finished before all other candidates.]]
The Republican Party (GOP) was badly divided in 1964 between its conservative and moderate-liberal factions. Former Vice-President [[Richard Nixon]], who had been beaten by Kennedy in the extremely close 1960 presidential election, decided not to run. Nixon, a moderate with ties to both wings of the GOP, had been able to unite the factions in 1960; in his absence the way was clear for the two factions to engage in an all-out political civil war for the nomination. Barry Goldwater, a [[United States Senate|Senator]] from [[Arizona]], was the champion of the [[conservatism|conservative]]s. The conservatives had historically been based in the American [[Midwest]], but beginning in the 1950s the conservatives had been gaining in power in the South and West. The conservatives favored a low-tax, small federal government which supported individual rights and business interests and opposed [[social welfare]] programs. The conservatives also resented the dominance of the GOP's [[moderate]] wing, which was based in the [[Northeastern United States]]. Since 1940, the Eastern moderates had successfully defeated conservative presidential candidates at the GOP's national conventions. The conservatives believed the Eastern moderates were little different from liberal Democrats in their philosophy and approach to government. Goldwater's chief opponent for the Republican nomination was [[Nelson Rockefeller]], the [[Governor of New York]] and the longtime leader of the GOP's liberal-moderate faction.
Initially, Rockefeller was considered the front-runner, ahead of Goldwater. However, in 1963, two years after Rockefeller's divorce from his first wife, he married Margarita "Happy" Murphy, a woman 15 years younger who had just divorced her husband and surrendered her four children to his custody.<ref name="'70s 58">{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0465041957|page= |pages= 58–59|url= }}</ref> The fact that Murphy had suddenly divorced her husband before marrying Rockefeller led to rumors that Rockefeller had been having an extramarital affair with her. This angered many [[social conservatives]] and female voters within the GOP, many of whom whispered that Rockefeller was a "wife stealer".<ref name="'70s 58"/> After his remarriage, Rockefeller's lead among Republicans lost 20 points overnight.<ref name="'70s 58"/> Senator [[Prescott Bush]] of [[Connecticut]], the father of President [[George H.W. Bush]] and grandfather of President [[George W. Bush]], was among Rockefeller's critics on this issue: "Have we come to the point in our life as a nation where the governor of a great state- one who perhaps aspires to the nomination for president of the United States- can desert a good wife, mother of his grown children, divorce her, then persuade a young mother of four youngsters to abandon her husband and their four children and marry the governor?"<ref name="'70s 58"/>
In the first primary, in New Hampshire, both Rockefeller and Goldwater were considered to be the favorites, but the voters instead gave a surprising victory to the U.S. [[ambassador]] to [[South Vietnam]], [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]], Nixon's running mate in [[U.S. presidential election, 1960|1960]] and a former [[Massachusetts]] [[United States Senate|senator]]. Lodge was a [[write-in]] candidate. Lodge went on to win the [[Massachusetts]] and [[New Jersey]] primaries before finally deciding that he didn't want the Republican nomination, he then withdrew his candidacy.
Despite his defeat in New Hampshire, Goldwater pressed on, winning the [[Illinois]], [[Texas]], and [[Indiana]] primaries with little opposition, and [[Nebraska]]'s primary after a stiff challenge from a [[Draft (politics)|draft]]-Nixon movement. Goldwater also won a number of state [[caucuses]] and gathered even more delegates. Meanwhile, [[Nelson Rockefeller]] won the [[West Virginia]] and [[Oregon]] primaries against Goldwater, and [[William Scranton]] won in his home state of [[Pennsylvania]]. Both Rockefeller and Scranton also won several state [[caucuses]], mostly in the Northeast.
The final showdown between Goldwater and Rockefeller was in the [[California]] primary. In spite of the previous accusations regarding his marriage, Rockefeller led Goldwater in most opinion polls in California, and he appeared headed for victory when his new wife gave birth to a son, Nelson Rockefeller, Jr., three days before the primary.<ref name="'70s 58"/> His son's birth brought the issue of [[adultery]] front and center, and Rockefeller suddenly lost ground in the polls.<ref name="'70s 58"/> Goldwater won the primary by a narrow 51% - 49% margin, thus eliminating Rockefeller as a serious contender and all but clinching the nomination. With Rockefeller's elimination, the party's moderates and liberals turned to [[William Scranton]], the [[Governor of Pennsylvania]], in the hopes that he could stop Goldwater. However, as the Republican Convention began Goldwater was seen as the heavy favorite to win the nomination.
Total popular vote
* [[Barry Goldwater]] - 2,267,079 (38.33%)
* [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] - 1,304,204 (22.05%)
* [[James A. Rhodes]] - 615,754 (10.41%)
* [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]] - 386,661 (6.54%)
* [[John W. Byrnes]] - 299,612 (5.07%)
* [[William W. Scranton]] - 245,401 (4.15%)
* [[Margaret Chase Smith]] - 227.007 (3.84%)
* [[Richard Nixon]] - 197,212 (3.33%)
* Unpledged, 173,652 (2.94%)
* [[Harold Stassen]] - 114,083 (1.93%)
* Other - 58,933 (0.99%)
* [[Lyndon Johnson]] (write-in) - 23,406 (0.40%)
* [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] - 1,955 (0.03%)
===Republican Convention===
The [[1964 Republican National Convention]] at [[Daly City, California]]'s [[Cow Palace]] arena was one of the most bitter on record, as the party's moderates and conservatives openly expressed their contempt for each other. Rockefeller was loudly booed when he came to the podium for his speech; in his speech he roundly criticized the party's conservatives, which led many conservatives in the galleries to yell and scream at him. A group of moderates tried to rally behind Scranton to stop Goldwater, but Goldwater's forces easily brushed his challenge aside, and Goldwater was nominated on the first ballot. The presidential tally was as follows:
*[[Barry Goldwater]] 883
*[[William Scranton]] 214
*[[Nelson Rockefeller]] 114
*[[George W. Romney|George Romney]] 41
*[[Margaret Chase Smith]] 27
*[[Walter Judd]] 22
*[[Hiram Fong]] 5
*[[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]] 2
The vice-presidential nomination went to little-known Republican Party Chairman [[William E. Miller]], a [[Congressman]] from upstate [[New York]]. Goldwater stated that he chose Miller simply because "he drives [President] Johnson nuts".
In accepting his nomination, Goldwater uttered his most famous phrase (a quote from [[Cicero]] suggested by speechwriter [[Harry Jaffa]]): "I would remind you that [[extremism]] in the defense of [[liberty]] is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of [[justice]] is no virtue." For many GOP moderates, Goldwater's speech was seen as a deliberate insult, and many of these moderates would defect to the Democrats in the fall election.
==Σημειώσεις==
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