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{{Infobox Anatomy |
In [[psychology]], '''sensation and perception''' are stages of processing of the [[sense]]s in human and animal systems, such as [[Visual perception|vision]], [[audition]] and pain senses. These topics are considered part of psychology, and not [[anatomy]] or [[physiology]], because processes in the brain so greatly affect the [[perception]] of a stimulus. Included in this topic is the study of illusions such as [[motion aftereffect]], [[color constancy]], [[auditory illusion]]s, and [[depth perception]].
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Latin = organa sensuum |
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Caption = Typical sensory system: the '''[[visual system]]''', illustrated by the classic [[Gray's Anatomy|Gray's]] FIG. 722– This scheme shows the flow of information from the [[eye]]s to the central connections of the [[optic nerve]]s and optic tracts, to the [[visual cortex]]. Area '''V1''' is the region of the [[brain]] which is engaged in '''[[Visual perception|vision]]'''. |
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A '''sensory system''' is a part of the [[nervous system]] responsible for processing [[sense|sensory]] information. A sensory system consists of [[sensory receptor]]s, [[neural pathway]]s, and parts of the [[brain]] involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for [[vision (sense)|vision]], [[hearing (sense)|hearing]], [[somatic sensation]] (touch), [[taste]] and [[olfaction]] (smell). In short, senses are [[transducers]] from the physical world to the realm of the mind.
 
The [[receptive field]] is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each [[rod]] or [[Cone cell|cone]] can see, is its receptive field.<ref>Kolb & Whishaw: ''Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology'' (2003)</ref> [[Receptive field]]s have been identified for the [[visual system]], [[auditory system]] and [[somatosensory system]], so far.
'''Sensation''' is the function of the low-level [[biochemical]] and [[neurological]] events that begin with the impinging of a [[stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]] upon the receptor cells of a [[sensory organ]].
 
==Stimulus==
'''Perception''' is the mental process or state that is reflected in statements like "I see a uniformly blue wall," representing awareness or understanding of the real-world cause of the sensory input.
Sensory systems code for four aspects of a [[stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]]; type ([[#Modality|modality]]), intensity, location, and duration. Arrival [[time]] of a sound [[pulse]] and [[phase (waves)|phase]] differences of continuous sound are used for localization of sound sources. Certain receptors are sensitive to certain types of stimuli (for example, different [[mechanoreceptor]]s respond best to different kinds of touch stimuli, like sharp or blunt objects). Receptors [[action potential|send impulses]] in certain patterns to send information about the intensity of a stimulus (for example, how loud a sound is). The location of the receptor that is stimulated gives the brain information about the location of the stimulus (for example, stimulating a mechanoreceptor in a finger will send information to the brain about that finger). The duration of the stimulus (how long it lasts) is conveyed by firing patterns of receptors.
 
==Modality==<!-- This section is linked from [[Neuro-linguistic programming]] -->
In other words, sensations are the first stages in the functioning of [[sense]]s to represent stimuli from the environment, and perception is a higher brain function about interpreting events and objects in the world.<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Exploring Psychology
| edition = 6th
| author = David G. Myers
| publisher = Macmillan
| year = 2004
| isbn = 9780716786221
| page = 140–141
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bHvNT6qBtgYC&pg=PA140&dq=sensation+perception&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&ei=p1-ZSrquHoPqkwSHmoh2#v=onepage&q=sensation%20perception&f=false
}}</ref>
 
A [[stimulus modality]] (sensory modality) is a type of physical phenomenon that can be sensed. Examples are [[temperature]], [[taste]], [[sound]], and [[pressure]]. The type of [[sensory receptor]] activated by a stimulus plays the primary role in coding the stimulus modality.
[[Gestaltism|Gestalt]] theorists believe that with the two together a person experiences a personal reality that is greater than the parts.
 
In the [[memory-prediction framework]], [[Jeff Hawkins]] mentions a correspondence between the six layers of the [[cerebral cortex]] and the six layers of the [[optic tract]] of the [[visual system]]. The [[visual cortex]] has areas labelled V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, MT, IT, etc. Thus Area V1 mentioned below, is meant to signify only one class of cells in the brain, for which there can be many other cells which are also engaged in vision.
==See also==
* [[Perception]]
 
Hawkins lays out a scheme for the analogous modalities of the sensory system. Note that there can be many types of senses, some not mentioned here. In particular, for [[human]]s, there will be [[cell (biology)|cells]] which can be labelled as belonging to V1, V2 A1, A2, etc.:
==References==
 
===V1 (vision)===
<references/>
[[Image:Green_Eye.jpg|thumb|The human [[eye]] is the first element of a '''sensory system''': in this case, [[Visual perception|vision]], for the [[visual system]]. ]]
 
Visual Area 1, or V1, is used for vision, via the [[visual system]] to the [[primary visual cortex]].
 
[[Image:Earcov.JPG|right|thumb|100px|[[ear]]]]
 
===A1 (auditory - hearing)===
Auditory Area 1, or A1, is for hearing, via the [[auditory system]], the [[primary auditory cortex]].
 
===S1 (somatosensory - touch and proprioception)===
Somatosensory Area 1, or S1, is for [[tactition|touch]] and [[proprioception]] in the [[somatosensory system]]. The somatosensory system feeds the [[postcentral gyrus#Brodmann Areas 3, 1 and 2|Brodmann Areas 3, 1 and 2]] of the [[postcentral gyrus|primary somatosensory cortex]]. But there are also pathways for [[proprioception]] (via the [[cerebellum]]), and [[motor neuron|motor]] [[control]] (via [[Brodmann area 4]]).
 
[[Image:Tongue.agr.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[tongue]]]]
 
===G1 (gustatory - taste)===
Gustatory Area 1, or G1, is used for [[gustatory system|taste]].
 
===O1 (olfactory - smell)===
 
Olfactory Area 1, or O1, is used for smell. In contrast to vision and hearing, the [[olfactory bulb]]s are not cross-hemispheric; the right bulb connects to the right hemisphere and the left bulb connects to the left hemisphere.
 
==Human sensory system==
The Human sensory system consists of the following sub-systems:
*[[Visual system]] consists of the [[photoreceptor]]s, optic nerve, and V1.
*[[Auditory system]]
*[[Somatosensory system]] consists of the receptors, transmitters (pathways) leading to S1, and S1 that experiences the sensations labelled as [[tactition|touch]] or [[pressure]], [[temperature]] (warm or cold), [[pain]] (including [[itch]] and tickle), and the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including [[posture]], [[locomotor system|movement]], and facial expression (collectively also called proprioception).
*[[Gustatory]] system
*[[Olfaction|Olfactory]] system
 
Human [[sensory receptors]] are:
* [[Chemosensor]]
* [[Mechanoreceptor]]
* [[Nociceptor]]
* [[Photoreceptor]]
* [[Thermoreceptor]]
 
==Diseases==
[[Image:Sense organ diseases world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg|thumb|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for sense organ diseases per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls |title=Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002|format=xls |work=World Health Organization|year=2002 |accessdate=}}</ref><div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}}
{{legend|#ffff65|less than 200}}
{{legend|#fff200|200-400}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|400-600}}
{{legend|#ffc600|600-800}}
{{legend|#ffb000|800-1000}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|1000-1200}}
{{legend|#ff8400|1200-1400}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|1400-1600}}
{{legend|#ff5800|1600-1800}}
{{legend|#ff4200|1800-2000}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|2000-2300}}
{{legend|#cb0000|more than 2300}}
</div>]]
 
== See also ==
* [[Sensor]]
* [[Sensory neuroscience]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{Organ systems}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sensation And Perception Psychology}}
{{Sensory_system}}
[[Category:Psychology]]
{{Eye anatomy}}
{{Auditory and vestibular systems}}
{{Gustatory system}}
{{Olfactory system}}
{{Systems}}
 
[[Category:Sensory system|* Sensory system]]
{{psych-stub}}
{{Psychophysiology}}
 
[[dean:EmpfindungSistema sensorial]]
[[ar:جهاز إحساس]]
[[fr:Sensation]]
[[bn:ইন্দ্রিয় তন্ত্র]]
[[he:תחושה]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ti-kak hē-thóng]]
[[io:Sensaciono]]
[[itbs:SensazioneČulni sistem]]
[[ptca:SensaçãoSistema sensorial]]
[[cs:Smyslová soustava]]
[[tl:Pakikiramdam]]
[[cy:System y synhwyrau]]
[[ur:حس]]
[[de:Sinnesorgan]]
[[dv:ސެންސަރީ ސިސްޓަމް]]
[[es:Sistema sensorial]]
[[eo:Sensa sistemo]]
[[fr:Système sensoriel]]
[[ga:Córas céadfach]]
[[ko:감각 기관]]
[[hi:ज्ञानेन्द्रिय]]
[[hr:Osjetilni sustav]]
[[id:Sistem indra]]
[[is:Athygli]]
[[it:Organi di senso]]
[[jv:Sistem indriya]]
[[pam:Sistema ning pamamau]]
[[kn:ಇಂದ್ರಿಯ]]
[[lt:Jutimo organai]]
[[mk:Сетилен систем]]
[[ml:ഇന്ദ്രിയം]]
[[nl:Zintuigstelsel]]
[[ja:感覚器]]
[[no:Sansesystem]]
[[pt:Sistema sensorial]]
[[ro:Sistem senzorial]]
[[qu:Musyana yawri]]
[[ru:Сенсорная система]]
[[simple:Sensory system]]
[[sk:Telesný zmysel]]
[[sl:Čutilo]]
[[sr:Чулни органи]]
[[sh:Senzorni sistem]]
[[fi:Aistinelin]]
[[sv:Sinnesorgan]]
[[ta:உணர்வுத் தொகுதி]]
[[tl:Sistemang pandama]]
[[uk:Сенсорна система]]
[[vi:Giác quan]]
[[war:Sistema pangabat]]
[[zh:感觉器]]
[[tr:Duyu]]
Ανακτήθηκε από "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Αισθητικό_σύστημα"