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{{mergefrom|Sensation (psychology)|date=February 2011}}
{{ WAP assignment | course = Wikipedia:Canada Education Program/Courses/Introduction to Psychology, Part I (Steve Joordens) | university = University of Toronto Scarborough | term = 2011 Q3 | project = WikiProject Wikipedia }}
{{Infobox Anatomy |
Name = Sensory system |
Latin = organa sensuum |
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Caption = Typical sensory system: the '''[[visual system]]''', illustrated by the classic [[Gray's Anatomy|Gray's]] FIG. 722– This scheme shows the flow of information from the [[Human eye|eye]]s to the central connections of the [[optic nerve]]s and optic tracts, to the [[visual cortex]]. Area '''V1''' is the region of the [[Human brain|brain]] which is engaged in '''[[Visual perception|vision]]'''. |
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A '''sensory system''' is a part of the [[nervous system]] responsible for processing [[sense|sensory]] information. A sensory system consists of [[sensory receptor]]s, [[neural pathway]]s, and parts of the [[brain]] involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for [[vision (sense)|vision]], [[hearing (sense)|hearing]], [[somatic sensation]] (touch), [[taste]] and [[olfaction]] (smell). In short, senses are [[transducers]] from the physical world to the realm of the mind.
 
The [[receptive field]] is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each [[Rod cell|rod]] or [[Cone cell|cone]] can see, is its receptive field.<ref>Kolb & Whishaw: ''Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology'' (2003)</ref> [[Receptive field]]s have been identified for the [[visual system]], [[auditory system]] and [[somatosensory system]], so far.
{{Merge to|Sensory system|date=February 2011}}
In [[psychology]], '''sensation''' and '''perception''' are stages of processing of the [[sense]]s in human and animal systems, such as [[visual perception|vision]], [[auditory perception|auditory]], vestibular, and pain senses. These topics are considered part of psychology, and not [[anatomy]] or [[physiology]], because processes in the brain so greatly affect the [[perception]] of a stimulus. Included in this topic is the study of illusions such as [[motion aftereffect]], [[color constancy]], [[auditory illusion]]s, and [[depth perception]].
 
==Stimulus==
Sensation is the function of the low-level [[biochemistry|biochemical]] and [[neurology|neurological]] events that begin with the impinging of a [[stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]] upon the receptor cells of a [[sensory organ]].
Sensory systems code for four aspects of a [[stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]]; type ([[#Modality|modality]]), intensity, location, and duration. Arrival [[time]] of a sound [[pulse]] and [[phase (waves)|phase]] differences of continuous sound are used for localization of sound sources. Certain receptors are sensitive to certain types of stimuli (for example, different [[mechanoreceptor]]s respond best to different kinds of touch stimuli, like sharp or blunt objects). Receptors [[action potential|send impulses]] in certain patterns to send information about the intensity of a stimulus (for example, how loud a sound is). The location of the receptor that is stimulated gives the brain information about the location of the stimulus (for example, stimulating a mechanoreceptor in a finger will send information to the brain about that finger). The duration of the stimulus (how long it lasts) is conveyed by firing patterns of receptors. These impulses are transmitted to the brain through [[Afferent_nerve_fiber|afferent neurons]].
 
==Modality==<!-- This section is linked from [[Neuro-linguistic programming]] -->
Perception is the mental process or state that is reflected in statements like "I see a uniformly blue wall", representing awareness or understanding of the real-world cause of the sensory input. The goal of sensation is detection, the goal of perception is to create useful information of the surroundings.<ref>Gazzaninga, M., Heatherton, T., Halpern, D. & Heine, S. (2010). ''Psychological Science'' ( 3 ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 188</ref>
 
A [[stimulus modality]] (sensory modality) is a type of physical phenomenon that can be sensed. Examples are [[temperature]], [[taste]], [[sound]], and [[pressure]]. The type of [[sensory receptor]] activated by a stimulus plays the primary role in coding the stimulus modality.
In other words, sensations are the first stages in the functioning of [[sense]]s to represent stimuli from the environment, and perception is a higher brain function about interpreting events and objects in the world.<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Exploring Psychology
| edition = 6th
| author = David G. Myers
| publisher = Macmillan
| year = 2004
| isbn = 9780716786221
| pages = 140–141
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bHvNT6qBtgYC&pg=PA140&dq=sensation+perception&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&ei=p1-ZSrquHoPqkwSHmoh2#v=onepage&q=sensation%20perception&f=false}}</ref>
 
In the [[memory-prediction framework]], [[Jeff Hawkins]] mentions a correspondence between the six layers of the [[cerebral cortex]] and the six layers of the [[optic tract]] of the [[visual system]]. The [[visual cortex]] has areas labelled V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, MT, IT, etc. Thus Area V1 mentioned below, is meant to signify only one class of cells in the brain, for which there can be many other cells which are also engaged in vision.
[[Gestaltism|Gestalt]] theorists believe that with the two together a person experiences a personal reality that is greater than the parts.
 
Hawkins lays out a scheme for the analogous modalities of the sensory system. Note that there can be many types of senses, some not mentioned here. In particular, for [[human]]s, there will be [[cell (biology)|cells]] which can be labelled as belonging to V1, V2 A1, A2, etc.:
==Senses and receptors==
 
===V1 (vision)===
While there is debate among neurologists as to the specific number of senses due to differing definitions of what constitutes a [[sense]], [[Aristotle]] classified five ‘traditional’ human senses which have become universally accepted: [[touch]], [[taste]], [[olfaction|smell]], [[visual system|sight]], and [[hearing (sense)|hearing]]. Other senses that have been well-accepted in most mammals, including humans, include [[nociception]], [[equilibrioception]], [[kinaesthesia]], and [[thermoception]]. Furthermore, some non-human animals have been shown to possess alternate senses, including [[magnetoception]] and [[electroreception]].<ref>Hofle, M., Hauck, M., Engel, A. K., & Senkowski, D. (2010). Pain processing in multisensory environments. [Article]. Neuroforum, 16(2), 172-+.</ref>
[[Image:Eye iris.jpg|thumb|The [[human eye]] is the first element of a '''sensory system''': in this case, [[Visual perception|vision]], for the [[visual system]]. ]]
 
Visual Area 1, or V1, is used for vision, via the [[visual system]] to the [[primary visual cortex]].
===Receptors===
 
[[Image:Earcov.JPG|right|thumb|100px|[[ear]]]]
The initialization of sensation stems from the response of a specific receptor to a physical [[stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]]. The receptors which react to the stimulus and initiate the process of sensation are commonly characterized in four distinct categories: [[chemoreceptors]], [[photoreceptor cell|photoreceptors]], [[mechanoreceptors]], and [[thermoreceptors]]. All receptors receive distinct physical stimuli and transduce the signal into an electrical [[action potential]]. This action potential then travels along [[afferent nerve fiber|afferent neurons]] to specific brain regions where it is processed and interpreted.<ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-sensoryreceptor.html</ref>
 
===ChemoreceptorsA1 (auditory - hearing)===
Auditory Area 1, or A1, is for hearing, via the [[auditory system]], the [[primary auditory cortex]].
 
===S1 (somatosensory - touch and proprioception)===
[[Chemoreceptors]], or chemosensors, detect certain chemical stimuli and transduce that signal into an electrical [[action potential]]. There are two primary types of chemoreceptors:
Somatosensory Area 1, or S1, is for [[tactition|touch]] and [[proprioception]] in the [[somatosensory system]]. The somatosensory system feeds the [[postcentral gyrus#Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2|Brodmann Areas 3, 1 and 2]] of the [[postcentral gyrus|primary somatosensory cortex]]. But there are also pathways for [[proprioception]] (via the [[cerebellum]]), and [[motor neuron|motor]] control (via [[Brodmann area 4]]).
 
[[Image:Tongue.agr.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[tongue]]]]
* Distance chemoreceptors are integral to receiving stimuli in the [[olfactory system]] through both olfactory receptor neurons and neurons in the [[vomeronasal organ]].
* Direct chemoreceptors include the [[taste buds]] in the [[gustatory system]] as well as receptors in the [[aortic bodies]] which detect changes in [[oxygen]] concentration.<ref>Satir,P. & Christensen,S.T. (2008) Structure and function of mammalian cilia. in Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Vol 129:6</ref>
 
===PhotoreceptorsG1 (gustatory - taste)===
Gustatory Area 1, or G1, is used for [[gustatory system|taste]]. Taste does not refer to the flavor of food, because the flavor of the food refers to the odor. The five qualities of taste include sourness, bitterness, sweetness, saltiness, and recently ''umami''(a Japanese for "good taste").
 
===O1 (olfactory - smell)===
Photoreceptors are capable of [[phototransduction]], a process which converts light ([[electromagnetic radiation]]) into, among other types of [[energy]], a [[membrane potential]]. There are three primary types of photoreceptors:
[[Cone cell|Cones]] are photoreceptors which respond significantly to [[color]]. In humans the three different types of cones correspond with a primary response to short wavelength (blue), medium wavelength (green), and long wavelength (yellow/red).<ref>"eye, human." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref>
[[Rod cell|Rods]] are photoreceptors which are very sensitive to the intensity of light, allowing for vision in dim lighting. The concentrations and ratio of rods to cones is strongly correlated with whether an animal is [[diurnality|diurnal]] or [[nocturnal]]. In humans rods outnumber cones by approximately 20:1, while in nocturnal animals, such as the [[tawny owl]], the ratio is closer to 1000:1.<ref>"eye, human." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref>
[[Ganglion cell|Ganglion Cells]] reside in the [[adrenal medulla]] and [[retina]] where they are involved in the [[sympathetic response]]. Of the ~1.3 million ganglion cells present in the retina, 1-2% are believed to be photosensitive.<ref>Foster, R. G.; Provencio, I.; Hudson, D.; Fiske, S.; Grip, W.; Menaker, M. (1991). "Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A 169. doi:10.1007/BF00198171</ref>
 
Olfactory Area 1, or O1, is used for smell. In contrast to vision and hearing, the [[olfactory bulb]]s are not cross-hemispheric; the right bulb connects to the right hemisphere and the left bulb connects to the left hemisphere.
===Mechanoreceptors===
 
==Human sensory system==
[[Mechanoreceptors]] are sensory receptors which respond to mechanical forces, such as [[pressure]] or [[distortion]].<ref>Winter, R., Harrar, V., Gozdzik, M., & Harris, L. R. (2008). The relative timing of active and passive touch. [Proceedings Paper]. Brain Research, 1242, 54-58. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.090</ref> While mechanoreceptors are present in [[hair cells]] and play an integral role in the [[vestibular system|vestibular]] and [[auditory system]], the majority of mechanoreceptors are [[cutaneous]] and are grouped into four categories:
The Human sensory system consists of the following sub-systems:
Slowly Adapting type 1 Receptors have small receptive fields and respond to static stimulation. These receptors are primarily used in the sensations of [[Shape|form]] and [[Surface roughness|roughness]].
*[[Visual system]] consists of the [[photoreceptor cell]]s, optic nerve, and V1.
Slowly Adapting type 2 Receptors have large receptive fields and respond to stretch. Similarly to type 1, they produce sustained responses to a continued stimuli.
*[[Auditory system]]
Rapidly Adapting Receptors have small receptive fields and underlie the perception of slip.
*[[Somatosensory system]] consists of the receptors, transmitters (pathways) leading to S1, and S1 that experiences the sensations labelled as [[tactition|touch]] or [[pressure]], [[temperature]] (warm or cold), [[pain]] (including [[itch]] and tickle), and the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including [[Human position|posture]], [[locomotor system|movement]], and facial expression (collectively also called proprioception).
Pacinian Receptors have large receptive fields and are the predominant receptors for high frequency vibration.
*[[Gustatory]] system
*[[Olfaction|Olfactory]] system
 
Human [[sensory receptors]] are:
=== Thermoreceptors ===
* [[Chemosensor]]
* [[Mechanoreceptor]]
* [[Nociceptor]]
* [[Photoreceptor cell|Photoreceptor]]
* [[Thermoreceptor]]
 
==Diseases==
[[Thermoreceptor]]s are sensory receptors which respond to varying [[temperature]]s. While the mechanisms through which these receptors operate is unclear, recent discoveries have shown that [[mammal]]s have at least two distinct types of themoreceptors:<ref name="krantz">Krantz, John. ''[http://www.saylor.org/content/krantz_sensation/Experiencing_Sensation_and_Perception.pdf|Experiencing Sensation and Perception]''. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009. p. 12.3</ref>
[[Amblyopia]]
* The End-Bulb of Krause, or [[bulboid corpuscle]], detects temperatures above body temperature
<br />
* [[Ruffini corpuscle|Ruffini’s end organ]] detects temperatures below body temperature
[[Anacusis]]
<br />
[[Astigmatism (eye)]]
<br />
[[Cataract]]
<br />
[[Colour blindness]]
<br />
[[Deafness]]
<br />
[[Hyperopia]]
 
[[Image:Sense organ diseases world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg|thumb|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for sense organ diseases per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls |title=Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002|format=xls |work=World Health Organization|year=2002 |accessdate=}}</ref><div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
== Sensory cortex ==
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== See also ==
All [[stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] received by the [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] listed above are [[signal transduction|transduced]] to an [[action potential]], which is carried along one or more [[afferent nerve fiber|afferent neurons]] towards a specific area of the brain. While the term [[sensory cortex]] is often used informally to refer to the [[somatosensory cortex]], the term more accurately refers to the multiple areas of the brain at which [[sense]]s are received to be processed. For the five traditional senses in humans, this includes the primary and secondary [[sensory cortex|cortexes of the different senses]]: the somatosensory cortex, the [[visual cortex]], the [[auditory cortex]], the [[primary olfactory cortex]], and the [[gustatory cortex]].<ref>Brynie, F.H. (2009). Brain Sense: The Science of the Senses and How We Process the World Around Us. American Management Association.</ref>
* [[Sensor]]
 
* [[Sensory neuroscience]]
=== Somatosensory cortex ===
 
Located in the [[parietal lobe]], the somatosensory cortex is the primary receptive area for the sense of [[touch]]. This cortex is further divided into [[Brodmann areas]] 1, 2, and 3. [[Brodmann area 3]] is considered the primary processing center of the somatosensory cortex as it receives significantly more input from the [[thalamus]], has neurons highly responsive to somatosensory stimuli, and can evoke somatic sensations through electrical [[stimulation]]. Areas 1 and 2 receive most of their input from area 3.
 
===Visual cortex===
 
The visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex, labeled V1 or [[Brodmann area 17]], as well as the extrastriate visual cortical areas V2-V5.<ref>McKeeff, T. J., & Tong, F. (2007). The timing of perceptual decisions for ambiguous face stimuli in the human ventral visual cortex. [Article]. Cerebral Cortex, 17(3), 669-678. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhk015</ref> Located in the [[occipital lobe]], V1 acts as the primary relay station for visual input, transmitting information to two primary pathways labeled the [[dorsal stream|dorsal]] and [[ventral stream]]s. The dorsal stream includes areas V2 and V5, and is used in interpreting visual ‘where’ and ‘how.’ The ventral stream includes areas V2 and V4, and is used in interpreting ‘what.’<ref>Hickey, C., Chelazzi, L., & Theeuwes, J. (2010). Reward Changes Salience in Human Vision via the Anterior Cingulate. [Article]. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(33), 11096-11103. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.1026-10.2010</ref>
 
===Auditory cortex===
 
Located in the [[temporal lobe]], the auditory cortex is the primary receptive area for sound information. The auditory cortex is composed of Brodmann areas 41 and 42, also known as the [[anterior transverse temporal area 41]] and the [[posterior transverse temporal area 42]], respectively. Both areas act similarly and are integral in receiving and processing the signals transmitted from [[hair cell|auditory receptors]].
 
===Primary olfactory cortex===
 
Located in the temporal lobe, the [[primary olfactory cortex]] is the primary receptive area for [[olfaction]]. Unique to the olfactory and gustatory systems, at least in [[mammals]], is the implementation of both [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] and [[central nervous system|central]] mechanisms of action. The peripheral mechanisms involve [[olfactory receptor neurons]] which [[signal transduction|transduce]] a chemical signal along the [[olfactory nerve]], which terminates in the [[olfactory bulb]]. The central mechanisms include the convergance of olfactory nerve [[axon]]s into [[glomerulus|glomeruli]] in the olfactory bulb, where the signal is then transmitted to the [[anterior olfactory nucleus]], the [[piriform cortex]], the medial [[amygdala]], and the [[entorhinal cortex]], all of which make up the primary olfactory cortex.
 
===Gustatory cortex===
 
The [[gustatory cortex]] is the primary receptive area for taste, or [[gustation]]. The gustatory cortex consists of two primary structures: the [[insular cortex|anterior insula]], located on the [[insular cortex|insular lobe]], and the frontal [[operculum (brain)|operculum]], located on the [[frontal lobe]]. Similarly to the olfactory cortex, the gustatory pathway operates through both peripheral and central mechanisms. Peripheral [[taste receptor]]s, located on the [[tongue]], [[soft palate]], [[pharynx]], and [[esophagus]], transmit the received signal to primary sensory axons, where the signal is projected to the [[nucleus of the solitary tract]] in the [[medulla oblongata|medulla]], or the gustatory nucleus of the solitary tract complex. The signal is then transmitted to the [[thalamus]], which in turn projects the signal to several regions of the [[neocortex]], including the gustatory cortex.<ref>Purves, Dale et al. 2008. Neuroscience. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. Sunderland, MA.</ref>
 
== Loss of sensation ==
 
Many types of sense loss occur due to a dysfunctional sensation process, whether it be ineffective [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]], [[nerve damage]], or cerebral impairment. Unlike [[agnosia]], these impairments are due to damages prior to the [[perception]] process.
 
=== Vision loss ===
 
Degrees of [[vision loss]] vary dramatically, although the [[ICD-9]] released in 1979 categorized them into three tiers: [[normal vision]], [[low vision]], and [[blindness]]. Two significant causes of vision loss due to sensory failures include media opacity and [[optic nerve]] diseases, although [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] and [[retinal disease]] can also lead to blindness. Most causes of vision loss can cause varying degrees of damage, from total blindness to a negligible effect.
Media Opacity occurs in the presence of [[opacity (optics)|opacities]] in the eye [[growth medium|media]], distorting and/or blocking the [[image]] prior to contact with the [[photoreceptor cells]]. Vision loss due to media opacity often results despite correctly functioning retinal receptors.
Optic Nerve Diseases such as [[optic neuritis]] or [[retrobulbar neuritis]] lead to dysfunction in the afferent nerve pathway once the signal has been correctly transmitted from retinal photoreceptors.
 
=== Hearing loss ===
 
Similarly to vision loss, [[hearing loss]] can vary from full or partial inability to detect some or all [[frequency|frequencies]] of sound which can typically be heard by members of their [[species]]. For [[humans]], this range is approximately 20 [[hertz|Hz]] to 20&nbsp;kHz at ~6.5 [[decibel|dB]], although a 10 dB correction is often allowed for the [[elderly]].<ref>Hawkins, S. (2010). Phonological features, auditory objects, and illusions. [Article]. Journal of Phonetics, 38(1), 60-89. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2009.02.001</ref> Primary causes of hearing loss due to an impaired sensory system include long-term exposure to [[environmental noise]], which can damage the [[mechanoreceptors]] responsible for receiving [[sound|sound vibrations]], as well as multiple diseases, such as [[HIV]] or [[meningitis]], which damage the [[cochlea]] and [[auditory nerve]], respectively.<ref>Bizley, J. K., & Walker, K. M. M. (2010). Sensitivity and Selectivity of Neurons in Auditory Cortex to the Pitch,Timbre, and Location of Sounds. [Review]. Neuroscientist, 16(4), 453-469. doi: 10.1177/1073858410371009</ref>
 
=== Anosmia ===
 
Primary causes of [[anosmia]], a loss of smell, due to sensory damage involve the death of [[olfactory receptor neuron]]s, often from [[nasal polyp]]s or [[upper respiratory tract infection]]s, as well as damage to the olfactory nerve, often from [[hypothyroidism]] or [[physical trauma]]. Unfortunately, anosmia is strongly correlated with a loss of taste.<ref>Brynie, F.H. (2009). Brain Sense: The Science of the Senses and How We Process the World Around Us. American Management Association.</ref>
 
=== Somatosensory loss ===
 
Insensitivity to [[somatosensory]] stimuli, such as [[heat]], [[cold]], [[touch]], and [[pain]], are most commonly a result of a more general physical impairment associated with [[paralysis]]. Damage to the [[spinal cord]] or other major [[nerve fiber]] may lead to a termination of both [[afferent nerve|afferent]] and [[efferent nerve|efferent]] signals to varying areas of the body, causing both a loss of touch and a loss of [[motor coordination]]. Other types of somatosensory loss include [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]], which consists of ineffective afferent neurons with fully functioning efferent neurons; essentially, motor movement without somatosensation.<ref>Li, X. (1976). Acute Central Cord Syndrome Injury Mechanisms and Stress Features. Spine, 35, E955-E964</ref>
 
=== Ageusia ===
 
Taste loss can vary from true [[aguesia]], a complete loss of taste, to [[hypogeusia]], a partial loss of taste, to [[dysgeusia]], a distortion or alteration of taste. The primary cause of ageusia involves damage to the [[lingual nerve]], which receives the stimuli from [[taste buds]] for the front two-thirds of the [[tongue]], or the [[glossopharyngeal nerve]], which acts similarly for the back third. Damage may be due to neurological disorders, such as [[Bell’s palsy]] or [[multiple sclerosis]], as well as [[infectious diseases]] such as meningoencephalopathy. Other causes include a [[vitamin B]] deficiency, as well as taste bud death due to acidic/spicy foods, [[radiation]], and/or [[tobacco]] use.<ref>Macaluso, E. (2010). Orienting of spatial attention and the interplay between the senses. [Review]. Cortex, 46(3), 282-297. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.05.010</ref>
 
== References ==
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{Anatomy}}
== See also ==
{{Sensory_system}}
 
{{Eye anatomy}}
* [[Perception]]
{{Auditory and vestibular systems}}
 
{{Gustatory system}}
{{Psychophysiology}}
{{Olfactory system}}
{{Somatosensory system}}
{{Systems}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:SensationSensory And Perception PsychologySystem}}
[[Category:PerceptionNervous system]]
[[Category:Sensory system|* Sensory system]]
 
[[ar:جهاز إحساس]]
[[az:Sensasiya]]
[[caan:SensacióSistema sensorial]]
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[[de:Empfindung]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ti-kak hē-thóng]]
[[fr:Sensation]]
[[be:Сенсорная сістэма]]
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[[be-x-old:Сэнсорная сыстэма]]
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[[hebs:תחושהČulni sistem]]
[[ptca:SensaçãoSistema sensorial]]
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[[es:Sistema sensorial]]
[[eo:Sensa sistemo]]
[[fa:دستگاه حسی]]
[[fr:Système sensoriel]]
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[[gl:Sistema sensorial]]
[[ko:감각 기관]]
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[[hr:Osjetilni sustav]]
[[id:Sistem indera]]
[[is:Athygli]]
[[it:Organi di senso]]
[[he:מערכות חישה]]
[[jv:Sistem indriya]]
[[kn:ಇಂದ್ರಿಯ]]
[[pam:Sistema ning pamamau]]
[[la:Systema sensorium]]
[[lt:Jutimo organai]]
[[hu:Érzékszervek]]
[[mk:Сетилен систем]]
[[ml:ഇന്ദ്രിയം]]
[[nl:Zintuigstelsel]]
[[ja:感覚器]]
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[[pnb:سینسری پربندھ]]
[[pl:Narządy zmysłów]]
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[[qu:Musyana yawri]]
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[[sh:Senzorni sistem]]
[[fi:Aistinelin]]
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[[tr:Duyu sistemi]]
[[uk:Сенсорна система]]
[[vi:Hệ giác quan]]
[[war:Sistema pangabat]]
[[zh:感觉系统]]
Ανακτήθηκε από "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Αισθητικό_σύστημα"