Βικιπαίδεια

Χρήστης:Ιων/αμμοδοχείο: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

Περιήγηση ιστορικού διαδραστικά
← Προηγούμενη διαφοράΕπόμενη διαφορά →
Περιεχόμενο που διαγράφηκε Περιεχόμενο που προστέθηκε
ΟπτικήΚώδικας wiki
Πάτρικ (συζήτηση | συνεισφορές)
226 επεξεργασίες
Χωρίς σύνοψη επεξεργασίας
Πάτρικ (συζήτηση | συνεισφορές)
226 επεξεργασίες
Χωρίς σύνοψη επεξεργασίας
Γραμμή 4.348:
[[zh:科羅拉多州]]
[[zh-min-nan:Colorado]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{pp-vandalism|expiry=22 May 2012|small=yes}}
{{Redirect4|Louis XIV|Louis Quatorze}}
{{Redirect2|Sun King|Le Roi Soleil|the Beatles song|Sun King (song)|the French musical|Le Roi Soleil (musical)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox Royalty
|όνομα = '''Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ''''
|χρώμα =
|εικόνα = Louis XIV of France.jpg|200px
|μέγεθος_εικόνας =
|λεζάντα = Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ' (1638–1715), από τον [[Υακίνθ Ριγκώ]] (1701)
|τίτλος = [[Κατάλογος Γάλλων μοναρχών|Βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας και της Ναβάρρας]]
|περίοδος_εξουσίας = 14 Μαΐου 1643 – 1 Σεπτεμβρίου 1715
|ημ_στέψης = 7 Ιουνίου 1654
|τόπος_στέψης =
|προκάτοχος = [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΓ' της Γαλλίας|Λουδοβίκος ΙΓ']]
|διάδοχος = [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΕ' της Γαλλίας|Λουδοβίκος ΙΕ']]
|αντιβασιλιάς = [[Άννα της Αυστρίας]] (μέχρι το 1651)
|τίτλος2 =
|περίοδος_εξουσίας2=
|ημ_στέψης2 =
|τόπος_στέψης2 =
|προκάτοχος2 =
|διάδοχος2 =
|τίτλος3 =
|περίοδος_εξουσίας3=
|ημ_στέψης3 =
|τόπος_στέψης3 =
|προκάτοχος3 =
|διάδοχος3 =
|σύζυγος = [[Μαρία Θηρεσία της Ισπανίας]] <br />[[Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon|Françoise d'Aubigné]]
|επίγονοι = [[Λουδοβίκος, Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας (1661-1711)|Louis, ''le Grand Dauphin'']]<br />[[Πριγκίπισσα Άννα Ελισάβετ της Γαλλίας|Πριγκίπισσα Άννα Ελισάβετ]]<br />[[Πριγκίπισσα Μαρία Άννα της Γαλλίας|Πριγκίπισσα Μαρία Άννα]]<br />[[Princess Marie-Thérèse of France (1667–1672)|Princess Marie Thérèse]]<br />[[Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou]]<br /> [[Louis François, Duke of Anjou]]
|βασιλικός_οίκος = [[Οίκος των Βουρβόνων]]
|πατέρας = [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΓ' της Γαλλίας]]
|μητέρα = [[Άννα της Αυστρίας]]
|ημ_γέννησης = {{ηγ|1638|9|5}}
|τόπος_γέννησης = [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], France
|ημ_θανάτου = {{ηθηλ|1715|9|1|1638|9|5}}
|τόπος_θανάτου = [[Παλάτι των Βερσαλλιών]], [[Βερσαλλίες (πόλη)|Βερσαλλίες]], Γαλλία
|τόπος_ταφής = [[Βασιλική του Σαιντ Ντενί]], [[Σαιντ Ντενί]], Γαλλία
|θρησκεία = [[Καθολικισμός]]
|υπογραφή = Louis XIV Signature.svg
}}
 
<!-- EDITORS PLEASE NOTE: The Wikipedia: Manual of Style (text formatting) states, “Wikipedia prefers italics for phrases in other languages and for isolated foreign words that do not yet have common use in the English language.” Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(text_formatting) -->
 
Ο '''Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ΄''' (5 Σεπτεμβρίου 1638{{spaced ndash}}1 Σεπτεμβρίου 1715), γνωστός ως '''Λουδοβίκος ο Μέγας''' ή ο '''Βασιλιάς Ήλιος''' (Γαλλικά: ''le Roi-Soleil''), ήταν ένας [[Οίκος των Βουρβόνων|Βουβόνος]] μονάρχης ο οποίος κυβέρνησε ως [[Κατάλογος Γάλλων μοναρχών|Βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας]] και της [[Βασίλειο της Ναβάρρας|Ναβάρρας]].<ref>''Βλέπε'' [[Κατάλογος Ναβαρρέζων μοναρχών]] και [[Kings of Navarre family tree|their family tree]].</ref> Φέρει την διάκριση του να είναι ο [[Κατάλογος μοναρχών με τη μακρύτερη βασιλεία|βασιλιάς με την μεγαλύτερη βασιλεία]] στην Ευρωπαϊκή ιστορία, βασιλεύοντας για 72 έτη και 110 ημέρες.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572792/Louis_XIV.html|title=Louis XIV|publisher=MSN Encarta|year=2008|accessdate=20 January 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257052204396412|archivedate=1 November 2009}}</ref>
 
Ο Λουδοβίκος άρχισε την προσωπική του εξουσία στη Γαλλία το 1661 μετά τον θάνατο του αρχιυπουργού του, του Ιταλού [[Καρδινάλιος Μαζαρίνος|Καρδινάλιου Μαζαρίνου]].<ref name=CatEn>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09371a.htm|title=Louis XIV|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia|year=2007|accessdate=19 January 2008}}</ref> Οπαδός της θεωρίας του [[θείο δικαίωμα των βασιλέων|θείου δικαιώματος των βασιλέων]], το οποίο υπερασπίζεται την θεία προέλευση και την έλλειψη χρονικού περιορισμού της μοναρχικής εξουσίας, ο Λουδοβίκος συνέχισε το έργο των προκατόχων του δημιουργώντας ένα [[συγκεντρωτική διοίκηση|συγκεντρωτικό κράτος]] κυβερνώμενο από την πρωτεύουσα. Προσπάθησε να εξαλείψει τα απομεινάρια του [[φεουδαλισμός|φεουδαλισμού]] που παρέμεναν επίμονα σε μέρη της Γαλλίας και, υποχρεώνοντας την ελίτ των ευγενών να κατοικήσει στο πολυτελές του [[Παλάτι των Βερσαλλιών]], επέτυχε να ειρηνεύσει την αριστοκρατία, πολλά μέλη της οποίας είχαν συμμετάσχει στην εξέγερση της [[Εξέγερση της Σφενδόνης|Σφενδόνης]] κατά την διάρκεια της ανηλικιότητας τυ Λουδοβίκου. Με αυτά τα μέσα συνέπηξε ένα σύστημα απόλυτης μοναρχικής εξουσίας στη Γαλλία που διάρκεσε μέχρι την [[Γαλλική Επανάσταση]].
 
Κατά την διάρκεια της βασιλείας του Λουδοβίκου η Γαλλία ήταν η ηγέτιδα Ευωπαϊκή δύναμη και συμμετείχε σε τρεις μεγάλους πολέμους: τον [[Γαλλοολλανδικός Πόλεμος|Γαλλοολλανδικό Πόλεμο]], τον [[Εννεατής Πόλεμος|Πόλεμο της Λίγκας του Άουγκσμπουργκ]], και τον [[Πόλεμος της Ισπανικής Διαδοχής|Πόλεμο της Ισπανικής Διαδοχής]]—και δύο ελάσσονες συγκορύσεις—τον [[War of Devolution]] και τον [[War of the Reunions]]. Ο Λουδοβίκος ενθάρρυνε και επωφελήθηκε από το έργο επιφανών πολιτκών, στρατιωτικών και πολιτιστικών μορφών όπως ο [[Μαζαρίνος]], ο [[Ζαν Μπατίστ Κολμπέρ|Κολμπέρ]], ο [[Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne|Τυρέν]] και ο [[Βομπάν]], καθώς και τον [[Μολιέρος|Μολιέρο]], τον [[Ρακίνας|Ρακίνα]], τον [[Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux|Boileau]], τον [[Ζαν ντε Λα ΦοντένJean de La Fontaine|La Fontaine]], [[Ζαν Μπατίστ Λυλί|Λυλί]], [[Charles Le Brun|Le Brun]], [[Hyacinthe Rigaud|Rigaud]], [[Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet|Bossuet]], [[Louis Le Vau|Le Vau]], [[Jules Hardouin Mansart|Mansart]], τον [[Σαρλ Περώ|Σαρλ]] και τον [[Κλωντ Περώ]], και τον [[Αντρέ Λε Νοτρ|Λε Νοτρ]].
 
Με τον θάνατο του μόλις λίγς ημέρες πριν τα εβδομηκοστά έβδομα γενέθλιά του, τον Λουδοβίκο διαδέχθηκε ο πεντάχρονος δισέγγονός του, ο [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΕ' της Γαλλίας|Λουδοβίκος ΙΕ']]. Όλοι οι ενδιάμεσοι διάδοχοί του—ο γιος του [[Λουδοβίκος, Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας (1661–1711)|Louis, ''le Grand Dauphin'']]· ο μεγαλύτερος γιος του Δελφίνου [[Λουδοβίκος, Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας (1682-1712)|Louis, duc de Bourgogne]]· και ο μεγαλύτερος γιος του Bourgogne και ο δεύερος μεγαλύτερος γιος του, [[Λουδοβίκος, Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας (1707-1712)|Louis, duc de Bretagne]] (οι μεγαλύτεροι αδελφοί του μελλοντικού Λουδοβίκου ΙΕ')—πέθαναν πριν από εκείνον.
 
==Πρώτα χρόνια του Λουδοβίκου ΙΔ'==
[[File:Bb85790a33.jpg|thumb|left|Ο Λουδοβίκος, ''[[Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας]]'' το 1643 από τον [[Κλωντ Ντερουέ]]]]
Ο Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ' γεννήθηκε στις 5 Σεπτεμβρίου 1638 στο [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] από τον [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΓ' της Γαλλίας|Λουδοβίκο ΙΓ']] και την [[Άννα της Αυστρίας]]. Την περίοδο της γέννησης του, οι γονείς του ήταν παντρεμένοι για 23 έτη χωρίς επιζώντα απόγονο (η μητέρα του βίωσε τέσσερις θνησιγένειες μεταξύ 1619 και 1631). Οι κυρίαρχοι της εποχής ούτως τον θεώρησαν ως θείο δώρο, και η γέννηση του, θαύμα από το Θεό. Αναφερόταν συχνά ως "Louis-Dieudonné" (θεόδοτος Λουδοβίκος)<ref>{{fr icon}}[[Henri Brémond|Brémond, Henri]] [http://books.google.com/books?id=cWEaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA381 ''La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle'']. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1908. pp. 381, 382.</ref> και επίσης έφερε τον παραδοσιακό τίτλο των Γάλλων [[heirs apparent]]: ''[[Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας|Dauphin]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Louis XIV|author=François Bluche (translated by Mark Greengrass|year=1990|publisher=New York: Franklin Watts|page=11|isbn=0-531-15112-3}}</ref>
 
Αναγνωρίζοντας ότι ο θάνατος επέκειτο, ο Λουδοβίκος ΙΓ', το 1643, προετοίμασε την επικείμενη του [[Minor (law)|minority rule]]. Διέταξε ότι ένα συμβούλιο αντιβασιλείας έπρεπε να διοικεί εκ μέρους του Λουδοβίκου κατά τη διάρκεια της ανηλικιότητας του. Contrary to custom, he did not make Anne the sole regent even if she gave birth to Louis and his brother [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe]] because he was unsure of her political abilities. He, however, made her the head of the Council. When Louis XIII lay on his deathbed the queen brought Louis (who was not yet five years old) to see the king. The young Louis could already grasp the reality of the situation because when his father asked his son if he knew who he was, the young Louis answered, "Louis the Fourteenth, Father." To which his father responded, "You are not Louis the Fourteenth, yet."
 
Louis XIV shared a very affectionate relationship with his mother, Anne, which was uncommon at the time. Sources, such as contemporaries and the Queen's attendants, stated that the Queen would spend almost all of her time with her son. Their shared interests revolved around food and theatre. The Queen was a food lover and passed that love on to Louis. Theatre was something Louis was immersed in because his mother held such a passion for it. Their loving relationship was long-lasting and can be seen in excerpts of journal entries kept by Louis XIV: "Nature was responsible for the first knots which tied me to my mother. But attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood."<ref>Fraser, Antonia. "Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King". Random House, Inc, 2006, pp. 14–16.</ref>
 
 
<--
==Ανηλικιότητα και η ''Σφενδόνη''==
 
Στις 14 Μαΐου 1643, με τον Λουδοβίκο ΙΓ' νεκρό, η Άννα [[ακύρωση γάμου|ακύρωσε]] την διαθήκη του συζύγου της από το ''[[Parlement|Parlement de Paris]]'' (ένα δικαστικό σώμα που περιελάμβανε κυρίως [[ευγενείς]] και ανώτερους κληρικούς), κατάργησε το συμβούλιο αντιβασιλείας, και έγινε μόνη [[αντιβασιλιάς]]. Ανέθεσε κατόπιν την εξουσία στον Καρδινάλιο Μαζαρίνο.
[[File:Europe map 1648.PNG|thumb|left|η Ευρώπη μετά την [[Ειρήνη της Βεστφαλίας]] το 1648]]
 
Ακολούθως, το 1648, ο Μαζαρίνος επιτυχώς διαπραγματεύθηκε την [[Ειρήνη της Βεστφαλίας]]. Αν και ο πόλεμος συνεχίσθηκε μεταξύ της Γαλλίας και της Ισπανίας μέχρι την [[Συνθήκη των Πυρηναίων]] το 1659, η Ειρήνη της Βεστφαλίας τερμάτισε τον [[Τριακονταετής Πόλεμος|Τριακονταετή Πόλεμο]] στη Γερμανία. Its terms ensured [[Dutch Revolt|Dutch independence]] from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], awarded some autonomy to the various [[Fürst|German princes]], and granted Sweden seats on the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] and territories to control the mouths of the [[Oder River|Oder]], [[Elbe]] and [[Weser River|Weser]]. France, however, profited most from the settlement. Austria ceded to France all [[Habsburg Dynasty|Habsburg]] lands and claims in [[Alsace]] and acknowledged her ''de facto'' sovereignty over the [[Three Bishoprics]]. Moreover, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg domination, petty German states sought French protection. This anticipated the formation of the 1658 [[League of the Rhine]], leading to the further diminution of Imperial power.
 
As the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a civil war—the ''[[Fronde]]''—erupted in France. It effectively checked France's ability to exploit the Peace of Westphalia. Mazarin had largely pursued the policies of his predecessor, [[Cardinal Richelieu]], augmenting the Crown's power at the expense of the nobility and the ''[[Parlement]]s''. The ''Frondeurs'', political heirs of a dissatisfied feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from an increasingly centralized royal government. Furthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by the recently ennobled bureaucrats (the ''Noblesse de Robe'') who administered the Kingdom and on whom the Monarchy increasingly began to rely. This belief intensified their resentment.
 
In 1648 Mazarin attempted to tax members of the ''[[Parlement|Parlement de Paris]]''. The members not only refused to comply, but also ordered all his earlier financial edicts burned. Buoyed by the victory of [[Louis II de Bourbon, prince de Condé|Louis, duc d’Enghien]] (later ''le Grand Condé'') at [[Battle of Lens|Lens]], Mazarin arrested certain members in a show of force. Paris erupted in rioting. A mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king. Led into the royal bedchamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, and quietly departed. The threat to the royal family prompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers. Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the [[Peace of Westphalia]] allowed Condé's army to return to aid Louis and his court.
[[File:Louis XIV as Child.jpg|thumb|right|200px|1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of the Fronde, portrayed as the god Jupiter]]
 
As this first ''Fronde'' (''Fronde parlementaire'', 1648–1649) ended, a second (''Fronde des princes'', 1650–1653) began. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterised this second phase of upper-class insurrection. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest against and a reversal of their political demotion from [[vassal]]s to [[courtier]]s. It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle, [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gaston, duc d'Orléans]], and first cousin, ''[[Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier|la Grande Mademoiselle]]''; more distantly related [[prince du sang|Princes of the Blood]], like Condé, his brother, [[Armand, Prince of Conti|Conti]], and their sister the [[Anne Geneviève de Bourbon|duchesse de Longueville]]; dukes of [[bastardy|legitimised]] royal descent, such as [[Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville|Henri, duc de Longueville]], and [[François, Duke of Beaufort|François, duc de Beaufort]]; and ''[[Foreign Prince|princes étrangers]]'', such as [[Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne|Frédéric Maurice, duc de Bouillon]], his brother, the famous [[Marshal of France]], [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne|Turenne]], and [[Marie de Rohan]], duchesse de Chevreuse; and [[kinship|scion]]s of France's oldest families, such as [[François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)|François, duc de La Rochefoucauld]].
 
The ''Frondeurs'' claimed to act on Louis's behalf and in his real interest against his mother and Mazarin. However, Louis's coming-of-age and subsequent [[coronation]] deprived them of their pretext for revolt. Thus, the ''Fronde'' gradually lost steam and ended in 1653, when Mazarin returned triumphantly after having fled into exile on several occasions.
 
==Προσωπική βασιλεία και μεταρρυθμίσεις==
[[File:Louis-xiv-lebrunl.jpg|thumb|left|Ο Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ', Βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας, το 1661]]
[[File:Royal Monogram of King Louis XIV of France.svg|thumb|100px|Royal Monogram]]
Με τον θάνατο του Μαζαρίνου το 1661, ο Λουδοβίκος ανέλαβε τον προσωπικό έλεγχο των ηνίων της κυβέρνησης. Μπόρεσε να χρησιμοποιήσει την ευρέως διαδεδομένη εδημόσια επιθυμία για νόμο και τάξη resulting from prolonged foreign war and domestic civil strife to further consolidate central political authority and reform at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent, Chateaubriand noted that "it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of Louis".<ref>Ian Dunlop, "''Louis XIV''", (2001) p. xii</ref>
 
Louis began his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. In 1661, the treasury verged on bankruptcy. To rectify the situation, Louis chose [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] as ''[[Controller-General of Finances|Contrôleur général des Finances]]'' in 1665. However, Louis first had to eliminate [[Nicolas Fouquet]], the ''[[Superintendent of Finances|Surintendant des Finances]]''. Fouquet was charged with [[Embezzlement]]. The ''Parlement'' found him guilty and sentenced him to exile. However, Louis commuted the sentence to life-imprisonment and also abolished Fouquet's post. Although Fouquet's financial indiscretions were not really very different from Mazarin before or Colbert after him, his ambition was worrying to Louis. He had, for example, built an opulent château at [[Vaux-le-Vicomte]] where he lavishly entertained a comparatively poorer Louis. He appeared eager to succeed Mazarin and Richelieu in assuming power and indiscreetly purchased and privately fortified [[Belle Île]]. These acts sealed his doom.
 
Divested of Fouquet, Colbert reduced the national debt through more efficient taxation. The principal taxes included the ''[[aides]]'' and ''[[douane]]s'' (both customs duties), the ''[[gabelle]]'' (a tax on salt), and the ''[[taille]]'' (a tax on land). Louis and Colbert also had wide-ranging plans to bolster French commerce and trade. Colbert's [[mercantilism|mercantilist]] administration established new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the [[Lyon]] silk manufacturers and the ''[[Gobelins manufactory|Manufacture des Gobelins]]'', a producer of tapestries. He invited manufacturers and artisans from all over Europe to France, such as [[Murano]] glassmakers, Swedish ironworkers, and Dutch shipbuilders. In this way, he aimed to decrease foreign imports while increasing French exports, hence reducing the net outflow of precious metals from France.
 
[[File:Jean Nocret - Louis XIV et la famille royale - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Louis and his family portrayed as Roman gods in a 1670 painting by Jean Nocret. L to R: Louis's aunt, [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henriette-Marie]]; his brother, [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe, duc d'Orléans]]; the Duke's daughter, [[Princess Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689)|Marie Louise d'Orléans]], and wife, [[Henrietta Anne Stuart|Henriette-Anne Stuart]]; the Queen-mother, [[Anne of Austria]]; three daughters of [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gaston d'Orléans]]; Louis XIV; the Dauphin [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1661–1711)|Louis]]; Queen [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Marie-Thérèse]]; ''[[Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier|la Grande Mademoiselle]]''.]]
 
Louis instituted reforms in military administration through [[Michel le Tellier|Le Tellier]] and his son [[François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois|Louvois]]. They helped to curb the independent spirit of the nobility, imposing order on them at court and in the army. Gone were the days when generals protracted war at the frontiers while bickering over precedence and ignoring orders from the capital and the larger politico-diplomatic picture. The old military aristocracy (the ''Noblesse d'épée'') ceased to have a monopoly over senior military positions and rank. Louvois in particular pledged himself to modernizing the army, re-organizing it into a professional, disciplined and well-trained force. He was devoted to the soldiers' material well-being and morale, and even tried to direct campaigns.
 
Legal matters did not escape Louis's attention, as is reflected in the numerous ''[[Great Ordinances|Grandes Ordonnances]]'' he enacted. Pre-revolutionary France was a patchwork of legal systems, with as many ''coutumes'' as there were provinces, and two co-existing legal traditions—[[Custom (law)|customary law]] in the northern ''pays de droit coutumier'' and [[Roman law|Roman civil law]] in the southern ''pays de droit écrit''.<ref>Merryman, John Henry. "''The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America''", 2007 Stanford University Press.</ref> The ''''Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile'''' of 1667, also known as '''Code Louis''', was a comprehensive legal code attempting a uniform regulation of [[civil procedure]] throughout legally irregular France. It prescribed ''inter alia'' baptismal, marriage and death records in the state's registers, not the church's, and also strictly regulated the right of the ''Parlements'' to remonstrate.<ref>Antoine, Michel, ''Louis XV'', Fayard, Paris, 1989, p. 33</ref> The ''Code Louis'' played an important part in French legal history as the basis for the ''[[Napoleonic code|Code Napoléon]]'', itself the origin of many modern legal codes.
 
One of Louis's more infamous decrees was the ''Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies'' of 1685, also known as ''[[Code Noir]]''. Although it sanctioned slavery, it did attempt to humanise the practice by prohibiting the separation of families. Additionally, in the colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised.
 
==Patronage of the arts==
 
[[File:GarnierlouisXIV.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Painting from 1667 depicting Louis as patron of the fine arts.]]
 
The Sun King generously supported the [[Noble court|royal court]] and those who worked under him. He brought the [[Académie Française]] under his [[patronage]], and became its "Protector". He allowed [[French literature|Classical French literature]] to flourish by protecting such writers as [[Molière]], [[Jean Racine|Racine]] and [[Jean de La Fontaine|La Fontaine]], whose works remain greatly influential to this day. Louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning various artists, such as [[Charles Le Brun]], [[Pierre Mignard]], [[Antoine Coysevox]] and [[Hyacinthe Rigaud]] whose works became famous throughout Europe. In music, composers and musicians such as [[Jean-Baptiste Lully|Lully]], [[Jacques Champion de Chambonnières|Chambonnières]] and [[François Couperin]] thrived.
 
[[File:Chateau-de-versailles-cour.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The ''Cour royale'' and the ''Cour de marbre'' at Versailles]]
Over the course of four building campaigns, Louis converted a hunting lodge built by Louis XIII into the spectacular [[Palace of Versailles]]. With the exception of the current Royal Chapel (built near the end of Louis's reign), the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign, which was followed by an official move of the royal court to Versailles on 6 May 1682.
 
Versailles became a dazzling, awe-inspiring setting for state affairs and the reception of foreign dignitaries. At Versailles, the king alone commanded attention. Several reasons have been suggested for the creation of the extravagant and stately palace, as well as the relocation of the monarchy's seat. For example, [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]] speculated that Louis viewed Versailles as an isolated power center where treasonous [[cabal]]s could be more readily discovered and foiled.<ref name=fordham>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17stsimon.html|title=Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon, volume 1 1691–1709: The Court of Louis XIV|author=Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|accessdate=19 January 2008}}</ref> Alternatively, the ''Fronde'' allegedly caused Louis to hate Paris, which he abandoned for a country retreat. However, his many improvements, embellishments and developments of Paris, such as the establishment of a police and street-lighting,<ref>Dunlop, Ian. "''Louis XIV''", p. 242-251, Pimlico London 2001.</ref> lend little credence to this theory. As further examples of his continued care for the capital, Louis constructed the ''[[Les Invalides|Hôtel des Invalides]]''—a military complex and home to this day for officers and soldiers rendered infirm either by injury or age. While pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day, ''les Invalides'' pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment. The conclusion of the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] in 1668 also induced Louis to demolish the northern walls of Paris in 1670 and replace them with wide tree-lined boulevards.<ref>Dunlop, p. 247.</ref>
[[File:Louis XIV by Robert Nanteuil 1670.jpeg|thumb|left|220px|Louis XIV in 1670, engraved portrait by [[Robert Nanteuil]]]]
Louis also renovated and improved the [[Palais du Louvre|Louvre]] and many other royal residences. [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]] was originally to plan additions to the Louvre. However, his plans would have meant the destruction of much of the existing structure, replacing it with an Italian summer [[villa]] in the centre of Paris. Bernini's plans were eventually shelved in favour of Perrault's elegant colonnade. With the relocation of the court to Versailles, the Louvre was given over to the arts and the public.<ref>Bluche, François. "''Louis XIV''", p. 497, Hachette Litteratures, Paris (1986).</ref>
During his visit from Rome, Bernini also executed a [[Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)|portrait bust]] of the king.
 
{{Infobox French Royalty styles
| name = King Louis XIV<br /><small>Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre</small>
| dipstyle = His [[Most Christian Majesty]]
| offstyle = Your Most Christian Majesty
| altstyle = Monsieur Le Roi
}}
 
==Πρώιμοι πόλεμοι στις Κάτω Χώρες==
{{Κύριο|War of Devolution|Γαλλοολλανδικός Πόλεμος}}
Ο θάνατος του [[Φίλιππος Δ' της σπανίας|Φιλίππου Δ' της Ισπανίας]] το 1665 precipitated the [[War of Devolution]]. In 1660 Louis had married Philip IV's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as part of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees. The marriage treaty specified that Maria Theresa was to renounce all claims to Spanish territory for herself and all her descendants. However, Mazarin and Lionne made the renunciation conditional on the full payment of a Spanish dowry of 500,000 [[écu]]s.<ref>Dunlop, p. 54.</ref> The dowry was never paid and would later play a part persuading [[Charles II of Spain]] to leave his empire to Philippe d'Anjou (later Philip V of Spain)—the grandson of Louis and Maria Theresa.
 
The War of Devolution did not focus on the payment of the dowry. Rather, Louis's pretext for war was the "devolution" of land. In [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], children of the first marriage traditionally were not disadvantaged by their parents’ remarriages, and still inherited property. Louis's wife was Philip IV's daughter by his first marriage, while the new King of Spain, Charles II, was his son by a subsequent marriage. Thus, Brabant allegedly "devolved" on Maria Theresa. This excuse led to France's attack on the [[Spanish Netherlands]].
 
Internal problems in the [[Dutch Republic]] aided Louis's designs. The most prominent politician in the United Provinces at the time, [[Johan de Witt]], [[Grand Pensionary]], feared the ambition of the young [[William III of England|William III, Prince of Orange]], specifically dispossession of his supreme power and the restoration of the House of Orange to the influence it had enjoyed before the death of [[William II, Prince of Orange]]. The Dutch were thus initially more preoccupied with domestic affairs than the French advance into Spanish territory. Moreover, the French were nominally their allies against the English in the ongoing [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]. Shocked by the rapidity of French successes and fearful of the future, the Dutch nonetheless turned on their nominal allies and made peace with England. Joined by Sweden, the English and Dutch formed a [[Triple Alliance of 1668|Triple Alliance]] in 1668. The threat of an escalation of the conflict and a secret treaty partitioning the Spanish succession with [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], the other major claimant to the throne of Spain, induced Louis to make peace.
[[File:Louis le Grand; Harnas.jpg|thumb|left|Louis XIV in 1673]]
The Triple Alliance did not last very long. In 1670 French gold bought the adherence of [[Charles II of England]] to the secret [[Treaty of Dover]]. France and England, along with certain Rhineland princes, declared war on the United Provinces in 1672, sparking off the [[Franco-Dutch War]]. The rapid invasion and occupation of most of the Netherlands precipitated a coup that toppled De Witt and brought William III to power.
 
In 1674, when France lost the assistance of England, which sued for peace by the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]], William III received the help of Spain, the Emperor Leopold I, and the rest of the Empire. Despite these diplomatic reverses, the French continued to triumph against overwhelming opposing forces. Within a few weeks, French forces led by Louis captured all of Spanish-held [[Franche-Comté]] in 1674. Despite being greatly outnumbered, Condé trounced William III's coalition army of Austrians, Spaniards and Dutchmen at the [[Battle of Seneffe]], and prevented him from descending on Paris. Another outnumbered general, Turenne, conducted a daring and brilliant campaign in the winter of 1674–1675 against the Imperial armies under [[Raimondo Montecuccoli]], driving them back across the Rhine out of Alsace, which had been invaded. Through a series of feints, marches and counter-marches in 1678, Louis besieged and captured [[Ghent]]. By placing Louis in a military position far superior to his enemies, these victories brought the war to a speedy end. Six years of war had exhausted Europe, and peace negotiations were soon concluded in 1678 with the [[Treaty of Nijmegen]]. Although Louis returned all Dutch territory he captured, he retained Franche-Comté and gained more land in the Spanish Netherlands.
 
The conclusion of a general peace permitted Louis to intervene in the [[Scanian War]] in 1679 on behalf of his ally Sweden. He forced [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] to the peace table at the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] and imposed peace on [[Denmark-Norway]] by the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]] and the [[Peace of Lund]].
 
{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = Silver coin of Louis XIV, dated 1674
| image = Image:Louis XIV Coin.jpg
| caption_left = Obverse. The Latin inscription is <small>''LVDOVICVS XIIII D[EI] GRA[TIA]''</small> ("Louis XIV, by the grace of God").
| caption_right = Reverse. The Latin inscription is <small>''FRAN[CIÆ] ET NAVARRÆ REX 1674''</small> ("King of France and of Navarre, 1674").
| width = 250
| position = right
| margin = 0}}
 
The successful conclusion of the Treaty of Nijmegen enhanced French influence in Europe, but Louis was still not satisfied. In 1679 he dismissed his foreign minister [[Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne]], because he was seen as having compromised too much with the allies. Louis maintained the strength of his army, but in his next series of territorial claims, Louis avoided using military force alone. Rather, he combined it with legal pretexts in his efforts to augment the boundaries of his kingdom. Contemporary treaties were intentionally phrased ambiguously. Louis established the ''Chambres des Réunions'' to determine the full extent of his rights and obligations under those treaties.
 
Cities and territories such as [[Luxembourg]] and [[Casale Monferrato|Casale]] were prized for their strategic position on the frontier and access to important waterways. Louis also sought [[Strasbourg]], an important strategic crossing on the Rhine through which various Imperial armies had invaded France. Although a part of Alsace, Strasbourg was not part of Habsburg-ruled Alsace and was thus not ceded to France in the Peace of Westphalia. Following the determinations of the ''Chambres des Réunions'', Louis seized these and other territories. Infuriated by his annexations, Spain declared war, precipitating the [[War of the Reunions]]. However, the Spanish were rapidly defeated because the Emperor (distracted by the [[Great Turkish War]]) abandoned them, and the Dutch only supported them minimally. By the [[Truce of Ratisbon]] in 1684, Spain was forced to acquiesce in French occupation of most of the conquered territories for 20 years.<ref>Lynn, John A. (1999). ''The Wars of Louis XIV (1667–1714)''. Longman New York. p.161-171.</ref> Louis's policy of the ''Réunions'' may have raised France to its greatest size and power during his reign, but it alienated much of Europe. This poor public opinion was compounded by French actions off the Barbary Coast and at Genoa. First, Louis had [[Algiers]] and [[Tripoli]], two Barbary pirate strongholds, bombarded to obtain a favourable treaty and the liberation of Christian slaves. Next, in 1684, a [[bombardment of Genoa|punitive mission]] was launched against [[Genoa]] in retaliation for its support for Spain in previous wars. Although the Genoese submitted and the [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] led an official mission of apology to Versailles, France gained reputation for brutality and arrogance. European apprehension at growing French might and the realisation of the extent of the [[dragonnades]]' effect (discussed below) led many states to abandon their alliance with France.<ref name="Meriman, John 1996 319">{{cite book|title=A History of Modern Europe|author=Meriman, John|year=1996|page=319|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company}}</ref> Accordingly, by the late 1680s, France became increasingly isolated in Europe.
 
==Non-European relations and the colonies==
{{See|Orientalism in early modern France}}
[[French colonial empire|French colonies]] multiplied in the Americas, Asia and Africa during Louis's reign, and French explorers made important discoveries in North America. [[Louis Jolliet|Jolliet]] and [[Jacques Marquette|Marquette]] discovered the [[Mississippi River]] in 1673. In 1682, [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|Cavelier de La Salle]] followed the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and claimed the vast Mississippi basin in Louis's name, calling it ''[[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiane]]''. French trading posts were also established in India at [[Chandernagore]] and [[Pondicherry]], and in the Indian Ocean at [[Réunion|Île Bourbon]].
 
[[File:Ambassade Perse auprès de Louis XIV.jpg|thumb|275px|The [[Persian embassy to Louis XIV]] in 1715.]]
Meanwhile, diplomatic relations were initiated with distant countries. In 1669, [[Suleiman Aga]] led an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] embassy, reviving the old [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=oMHwBktE9MMC&pg=PA73&dq=Franco-Ottoman+alliance&as_brr=3&ei=4BTRSahWk-KQBPSahJQB&hl=en Faroqhi, p.73 ''The Ottoman Empire and the World Around it'']</ref> Then, in 1682, after the reception of the embassy of [[Mohammed Tenim]] in France, [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Ismail, Sultan of Morocco]], allowed French consular and commercial establishments in his country.<ref>Bluche, p. 439.</ref> Louis once again received a [[Abdallah bin Aisha|Moroccan ambassador]] in 1699. He also received a [[Persian embassy to Louis XIV|Persian embassy]] led by Mohammed Reza Beg in 1715.
 
[[File:SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg|thumb|left|[[History of Thailand|Siamese]] embassy of [[Narai|King Narai]] to Louis XIV in 1686, led by [[Kosa Pan]]. Painting by Nicolas Larmessin.]]
From further afield, Siam dispatched an embassy in 1684, reciprocated by the French magnificently the next year under [[Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont]]. This, in turn, was succeeded by another Siamese embassy under [[Kosa Pan]] superbly received at Versailles in 1686. Louis then sent another embassy in 1687 under [[Simon de la Loubère]], and French influence grew at the Siamese court, which granted [[Mergui]] as a naval base to France. However, the death of [[Narai|Narai, King of Ayutthaya]], the execution of his pro-French minister [[Constantine Phaulkon|Phaulkon]] and the [[Siege of Bangkok]] in 1688 ended this era of French influence.<ref>Keay, John. "''The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company''", p. 201-204, Harper Collins Publishers, London (1993).</ref>
 
France also attempted to actively participate in [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit missions]] to China. To break the Portuguese dominance there, Louis sent five Jesuit "mathematicians" ([[Jean de Fontaney|Fontaney]], [[Joachim Bouvet|Bouvet]], [[Jean-François Gerbillon|Gerbillon]], [[Louis Le Comte|Le Comte]] and [[Claude de Visdelou|Visdelou]]) to the court of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] in 1685.<ref>Pagani, Catherine, ''Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity: Clocks of Late Imperial China'', p.182, (2001) [http://books.google.com/books?id=8bXxHSZkWssC&pg=PA182&dq=Louis+XIV+Claude+de+Visdelou&sig=cec9-IMB5_zeFd6L2t5tyyjsxqo#PPA182,M1]</ref> Louis also received the visit of a Chinese Jesuit, [[Michael Shen Fu-Tsung]].<ref>Sullivan, Michael, ''The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art'' Page 98, (1989) ISBN 0-520-21236-3 [http://books.google.com/books?id=8pLhEWdaMvEC&pg=PA98&dq=Louis+XIV+Couplet+Michel&sig=x4USX2wQ6&nbsp;lbhEx2pQMX8QCATkoU]</ref> Furthermore, he had at his court a Chinese librarian and translator—[[Arcadio Huang]].<ref>Barnes, Linda L. (2005) ''Needles, Herbs, Gods, and Ghosts: China, Healing, and the West to 1848'' Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-01872-9, p.85</ref><ref>Mungello, David E. (2005) ''The Great Encounter of China and the West'', 1500–1800 Rowman & Littlefield ISBN 0-7425-3815-X, p.125</ref>
 
==Height of power==
By the early 1680s Louis had greatly augmented French influence in the world. Domestically, he successfully increased the Crown's influence and authority over the Church and aristocracy, thus consolidating absolute monarchy in France.
 
Louis initially supported traditional [[Gallicanism]], which limited [[Pope|papal]] authority in France, and convened an ''[[Assemblée du Clergé]]'' in November 1681. Before its dissolution eight months later, the Assembly had accepted the [[Declaration of the Clergy of France]], which increased royal authority at the expense of papal power. Without royal approval, bishops could not leave France and appeals could not be made to the Pope. Additionally, government officials could not be excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance of their duties. Although the King could make ecclesiastical law, all papal regulations without royal assent were invalid in France. Unsurprisingly, the pope repudiated the Declaration.<ref name=CatEn/>
 
[[File:Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Louis receiving the [[Doge of Genoa]] at [[Versailles]] on 15 May 1685, following the [[Bombardment of Genoa]]. (''Reparation faite à Louis XIV par le Doge de Gênes. 15 mai 1685'' by [[Claude Guy Halle]], Versailles.)]]
By attaching nobles to his court at Versailles, Louis achieved increased control over the French aristocracy. Apartments were built to house those willing to pay court to the king.<ref name="ReferenceA">Sources of Making of the West, People and Cultures, Vol. 2, Since 1340</ref> However, the pensions and privileges necessary to live in a style appropriate to their rank were only possible by waiting constantly on Louis.<ref name=fordham/> For this purpose, an elaborate court ritual was created where the king became the centre of attention and was observed throughout the day by the public. With his excellent memory, Louis could then see who attended him at court and who was absent, facilitating the subsequent distribution of favours and positions. Another tool Louis used to control his nobility was censorship which often involved the opening of letters to discern their author's opinion of the government and king.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Moreover, by entertaining, impressing and domesticating them with extravagant luxury and other distractions, Louis not only cultivated public opinion of him, but also ensured the aristocracy remained under his scrutiny. This, along with the prohibition of private armies, prevented them from passing time on their own estates and in their regional power-bases, from which they historically waged local wars and plotted resistance to royal authority.<ref>Coincidentally, at roughly the same time and for the same reasons, Japan adopted a similar policy, called [[sankin kōtai]].</ref> Louis thus compelled and seduced the old military aristocracy (the ''noblesse d'épée'') into becoming his ceremonial courtiers, further weakening their power. In their place, Louis raised commoners or the more recently ennobled bureaucratic aristocracy (the ''noblesse de robe''). He judged that royal authority thrived more surely by filling high executive and administrative positions with these men because they could be more easily dismissed than a grandee of ancient lineage with an entrenched influence. Explaining Louis's actions were his experiences during the ''Fronde'', when men of high birth readily took up the rebel cause against their king and even, for some, kinsman. This victory over the nobility may have then in fact ensured the end of major civil wars in France till the [[French Revolution|Revolution]] about a century later.
 
==Προσωπική ζωή==
Έχοντας παντρευτεί το 1660, ο Λουδοβίκος και η [[Μαρία Θηρεσία της Ισπανίας]] είχαν έξι παιδιά. Όμως, μόνο ένα παιδί, το μεγαλύτερο, επεβίωσε μέχρι να γίνει ενήλικος: ο [[Λουδοβίκος, Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας (1661-1711)|Louis, le Grand Dauphin]], γνωστός ως ''Monseigneur''. Η Μαρία Θηρεσία πέθανε το 1683, οπότε ο Λουδοβίκος παρατήρησε ότι εκείνη του είχε προκαλέσει ανησυχία σε ουδεμία άλλη περίσταση.
 
Παρά τις ενδείξεις στοργής αρχικά στο γάμο τους, Louis did not remain faithful to Maria Theresa for long. He took a series of mistresses, both official and unofficial, among them [[Louise de La Vallière|Mademoiselle de La Vallière]], [[Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan|Madame de Montespan]], and [[Angélique de Fontanges|Mademoiselle de Fontanges]]. Through these liaisons, he produced numerous illegitimate children, most of whom he married to members of [[cadet branch]]es of the [[royal family]].
 
Louis proved more faithful to his second wife, [[Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon|Madame de Maintenon]]. It is believed that they were married secretly on or around 10 October 1683 at Versailles.<ref name=autogenerated1>[[Veronica Buckley|Buckley, Veronica]]. ''Madame de Maintenon: The Secret Wife of Louis XIV''. London: Bloomsbury, 2008</ref> This marriage, though never announced or publicly discussed, was an [[open secret]] and lasted until his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/morganat.htm|title=Morganatic and Secret Marriages in the French Royal Family |accessdate=10 July 2008}}: The description of the marriage as [[morganatic marriage|morganatic]] is inaccurate as French law does not define such marriages.</ref>
 
==Ανάκληση του Εδίκτου της Νάντης==
[[File:S21c.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ο Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ' το 1685, το έτος που ανακάλεσε το [[Έδικτο της Νάντης]].]]
Έχει υποστηριχθεί παραδοσιακά ότι η Madame de Maintenon πίεσε τον Λουδοβίκο να διώξει τους Προτεστάντες και να ανακαλέσει το [[Έδικτο της Νάντης]], το οποίο είχε αποδώσει στους [[Ουγενότοι|Ουγενότους]] πολιτική και θρησκευτική ελευθερία, αλλά αυτό τώρα αμφισβητείται.<ref>For example, see [[Veronica Buckley|Buckley, Veronica]]. ''Madame de Maintenon: The Secret Wife of Louis XIV''. London: Bloomsbury, 2008</ref> Ο ίδιος ο Λουδοβίκος είδε την επιμονή του Προτεσταντισμού ως μια εξευτελιστική υπενθύμιση της βασιλικής αδυναμίας. Πάνω απ'όλ, το Έδικτο της Νάντης ήταν η πραγματική προσφορά του Ερρίκου Δ' για να τελειώσουν οι μακρόχρονοι [[Ευρωπαϊκοί θρησκευτικοί πόλεμοι|Θρησκευτικοί Πόλεμοι]]. Επιπλέον, από την [[Ειρήνη του Άουγκσμπουργκ]] του 1555, η κυρίαρχη σύγχρονη Ευρωπαϊκή αρχή να διασφαλιστεί η κοινωνικοπολιτική σταθερότητα ήταν ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]''— η θρησκεία του κυβερνήτη θα έπρεπε να είναι η θρησκεία του βασιλείου.<ref>Sturdy, David J. "''Louis XIV''", St Martin's Press, New York (1998), p. 89-99.</ref>
 
Ανταποκρινόμενος στις αιτήσεις, ο Λουδοβίκος αρχκά απέκλεισε τους Προτεστάντες από τα αξιώματα τους, περιόρισε τις συναντήσεις των [[σύνοδος (εκκλησιαστική)|συνόδων]], έκλεισε τις εκκλησίες έξω από τις οριζόμενες από το Έδικτο περιοχές, απαγόρευσε τους υπαίθτιους Προτεστάντες ιεροκήρυκες, και απαγόρευσε την εγχώρια Προτεσταντική μετανάστευση. Επίσης του γάμους μετααξύ Προτεσταντών και Καθολικών όπου εναντιώνονταν οι τρίτοι, ενθάρρυνε τις ιεραποστολές στους Προτεστάντες και επεβράβευσε τις μεταστροφές στον Καθολικισμό.<ref>Sturdy, p. 92-93.</ref> This discrimination did not encounter much Protestant resistance; and a steady conversion of Protestants occurred, especially among the noble elites.
 
Το 1681, ο Λουδοβίκος δραματικά ενέτεινε τις διώξεις των Προτεσταντών. Η αρχή του ''cuius regio, euis religio'' γενικά σήμαινε ότι τα άτομα που αρνούνταν να μεταστραφούν μπορούσαν να μεταναστεύσουν, αλλά ο Λουδοβίκος απαγόρευσε την μετανάστευση και αποτελεσματκά επέμεινε όλοι οι Προτεστάντες να μεταστραφούν. Secondly, following [[René de Marillac]] and Louvois's proposal, he began quartering [[dragoon]]s in Protestant homes. Although this was within his legal rights, the ''dragonnades'' inflicted severe financial strain on Protestants and atrocious abuse. Between 300,000 and 400,000 Huguenots converted, as this entailed financial rewards and exemption from the ''dragonnades''.<ref>Sturdy, p. 96, citing Pillorget, "''France Baroque, France Classique''", i, 935.</ref>
 
On 15 October 1685, Louis issued the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]], citing the redundancy of privileges for Protestants given their scarcity after the extensive conversions. The Edict of Fontainebleau revoked that of Nantes, and repealed all the privileges that arose therefrom.<ref name=CatEn/> By his edict, therefore, Louis no longer suffered Protestant groups, pastors or churches to exist in France. No further churches were to be constructed, and those already existing were to be demolished. Pastors could choose either exile or a secular life. And those Protestants who had resisted conversion were now [[forced conversion|forcibly baptised]] into the established Church.<ref>Cathal J. Nolan, ''Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715'' (2008) p. 132</ref>
 
Writers have debated Louis's reasons for the Edict of Fontainebleau. He may have been seeking to placate the [[Pope Innocent XI|Pope]], with whom relations were tense and whose aid was necessary to determine the succession crisis in Cologne. Or he may have acted to upstage [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]] and regain international prestige after the latter defeated the Turks without Louis's help. Or he may simply have desired to end the remaining divisions in French society dating to the Wars to Religion by fulfilling his coronation oath to eradicate heresy.<ref>Sturdy, p. 96-97.</ref><ref>Bluche, p. 20-21.</ref>
 
All the same, some have condemned the Edict as gravely harmful to France.<ref name=bartleby>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/lo/Louis14Fr.html|title=Louis XIV, king of France|author=Columbia Encyclopedia|year=2007|accessdate=19 January 2008}}</ref> In support, they cite the approximately 200,000 Huguenots (roughly one-fourth of the Protestant population, or 1% of the French population) who defied royal decrees and fled France for various Protestant states, taking their skills with them. On the other hand, there are others who see this as an exaggeration. They argued that, notwithstanding the departure of many, most of France's preeminent Protestant businessmen and industrialists converted and remained.<ref>David J. Sturdy, p. 98, citing W.C. Scoville, ''The Persection of Huguenots and French Economic Development, 1680–1720'' (1960)</ref> What is certain is that reaction to the Edict was mixed. Even while French Catholic leaders exulted, the [[Pope Innocent XI|Pope]], still arguing with Louis over Gallicanism, criticised the use of violence. Protestants across Europe were horrified at the treatment of their coreligionists, but most Catholics in France applauded the move. Nonetheless, what is sure is that Louis's public image in most of Europe, especially in Protestant regions, was dealt a severe blow.
 
In the end, however, despite renewed [[Camisard|tensions]] at the end of his reign, Louis may have helped ensure [[Louis XV of France|his successor]] would experience fewer instances of the religion-based disturbances that had plagued his forebears. French society would sufficiently change by the time of his descendant, [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], to welcome toleration in the form of the 1787 [[Edict of Versailles]], also known as the [[Edict of Tolerance]]. This restored to non-Catholics their civil rights and the freedom to openly worship.<ref>[http://booking-help.org/book_338_glava_314_Edict_of_Versailles_%281787%29.html Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Ideals, ''Edict of Versailles (1787)''], downloaded 29 January 2012</ref>
 
==The League of Augsburg==
{{Main|War of the Grand Alliance}}
 
===Causes and conduct of the war===
[[File:Louis14-F.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis in 1690.]]
The [[War of the League of Augsburg]] lasted for nine years from 1688 to 1697. It had two immediate causes which pertained to French influence in the Rhineland. First, in 1685, the [[Charles II, Elector Palatine|Elector Palatine]] died. All that remained of his immediate family was Louis's sister-in-law, [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate|Elizabeth Charlotte]]. Although ostensibly preventing her succession to the Palatinate, German law was notoriously obscure and arguments could be made in favour of Elizabeth Charlotte. In pressing her claims, Louis hoped for at least a division of the family's personal property to which the princess did have a right.<ref>Durant, Will and Ariel. "The Story of Civilisation (Volume 8): The Age of Louis XIV", Simon & Schuster, New York (1963), p. 691.</ref> Additionally, in 1688, [[Maximilian Henry of Bavaria|Max Henry, Archbishop of Cologne]] died. The Archbishopric had traditionally been held by the Wittelsbachs of Bavaria. However, the [[Joseph Clemens of Bavaria|Bavarian claimant]] was at that time not more than 17 years old and not even ordained. Louis sought to install in the meantime his own [[William Egon of Fürstenberg|candidate]] to ensure the fidelity of this key Rhenish state.<ref>Lynn, John A. (1999). "''The Wars of Louis XIV (1667–1714)''". Longman New York, p.192.</ref>
 
Louis's actions during the early 1680s and his subsequent behaviour regarding the succession crises bred growing concern about France. This led to the formation of the 1686 [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|League of Augsburg]] by the Emperor, Spain, Sweden, Saxony, and Bavaria. The stated intention was to return France to at least the borders agreed to in the [[Treaty of Nijmegen]].<ref>Dunlop, Ian. "Louis XIV", p. 313, Pimlico London 2001.</ref> For his part, increased isolation and the Emperor's refusal to convert Ratisbon into a permanent treaty amplified Louis's fears that the Emperor would turn on France and attack the Reunions after settling his affairs in the Balkans.<ref>Lynn, John A., p.189-191.</ref>
 
Another event which Louis found threatening was the [[Glorious Revolution]]. Although [[James II of England|James II]] was Catholic, his two Anglican daughters ensured the English people a Protestant succession. However, when James II's son, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Stuart]], was born, he took precedence in the succession over his elder sisters. This seemed to herald an era of Catholic monarchs. Protestants lords took up arms and called on the Dutch [[William III of England|William III of Orange]], grandson of Charles I, to come to their aid. He sailed for England with troops despite Louis's warning that France would regard it as a ''[[casus belli]]''. Witnessing numerous desertions and defections, even amongst his closest, James II fled England. Parliament declared the throne vacate. It was taken up by James's daughter Mary II and his son-in-law and nephew William III (now also of England). Vehemently anti-French, William III pushed his new kingdoms into war, thus transforming the League of Augsburg into the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]]. In 1688, however, this was as yet unsettled. Expecting the expedition to absorb William III and his allies, Louis dispatched troops to the Rhineland after his ultimatum to the German princes requiring confirmation of Ratison and acceptance of his demands about the succession crises lapsed. This military manoeuvre was also intended to protect his eastern provinces from Imperial invasion by depriving the enemy army of sustenance, thus explaining the pre-emptive [[scorched earth|devastation]] of much of southwestern Germany (the "Devastation of the Palatinate").<ref>Lynn, John A., p.192-193.</ref>
[[File:Equestrian portrait louis xiv 1692.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Louis XIV at the [[Siege of Namur (1692)]].]]
 
French armies were generally victorious throughout the war because of Imperial commitments in the Balkans, French logistical superiority, and the quality of French generals such as Condé's famous pupil, [[François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg]]. His triumphs at [[Battle of Fleurus (1690)|Fleurus]], [[Battle of Steenkerque|Steenkerque]] and [[Battle of Landen|Neerwinden]] preserved northern France from invasion and earned him the nickname ''le tapissier de Notre-Dame'' for the numerous captured enemy standards he sent to decorate the Cathedral.<ref name="Lynn, John A. 1999">Lynn, John A.</ref>
[[File:Marshal luxembourg.jpg|thumb|Marshal de Luxembourg]] Although the attempt to restore James II failed at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690, France accumulated a string of victories from Flanders in the north, Germany in the east, and Italy and Spain in the south, to the high seas and the colonies. Louis personally supervised the captures of [[Siege of Mons (1691)|Mons]] and of the reputedly impregnable fortress of [[Siege of Namur (1692)|Namur]]. Luxembourg gave France the defensive line of the [[Sambre]] by capturing [[Charleroi]]. France also overran most of the [[Duchy of Savoy]] after the battles of [[Battle of Marsaglia|Marsaglia]] and [[Battle of Staffarda|Staffarde]]. While naval stalemate ensued after the French victory at [[Battle of Beachy Head (1690)|Beachy Head]] and the Allied victory at [[Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue|Barfleur-La Hougue]], the [[Battle of Torroella]] exposed [[Catalonia]] to French invasion, culminating in the capture of Barcelona. Although the Dutch captured [[Pondicherry]], a French raid on the Spanish treasure port of Cartagena (in present-day Colombia) yielded a fortune of 10 000 000 livres.<ref name="Lynn, John A. 1999"/>
 
Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690. And, by 1692, both sides evidently wanted peace, and secret bilateral talks began, but to no avail.<ref>Lynn, John A., p. 232.</ref> Louis tried to break up the alliance against him by dealing with individual opponents, but this did not achieve its aim till 1696 when the Savoyards agreed to the Treaty of Turin and switched sides. Thereafter, members of the League of Augsburg rushed to the peace table, and negotiations for a general peace began in earnest, culminating in the [[Treaty of Ryswick]].<ref>Lynn, John A., p. 253.</ref>
 
===Treaty of Ryswick===
{{Main|Treaty of Ryswick}}
The [[Treaty of Ryswick]] in 1697 ended the War of the League of Augsbury and disbanded the Grand Alliance. By manipulating their rivalries and suspicions, Louis divided his enemies and broke their power.
 
Louis secured permanent French sovereignty over all of [[Alsace]], including Strasbourg, and established the Rhine as the Franco-German border to this day. Moreover, France was returned [[Pondicherry]] and [[Acadia]], and Louis's ''de facto'' possession of [[Saint-Domingue]] was recognised as lawful. However, he had to return [[Catalonia]] and most of the Reunions. French military superiority and gains might have allowed him to press for more advantageous terms. Thus, his generosity to Spain has been read as a concession to foster pro-French sentiment and may ultimately have induced [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]] to name Louis's grandson, [[Philip V of Spain|Philippe, duc d'Anjou]], as heir.<ref>Bluche, p. 653.</ref> In exchange for financial compensation, France renounced its interests in the [[Electorate of Cologne]] and the Palatinate. Lorraine was returned to its duke, albeit with a right of way to the French military. William and Mary were recognised as joint sovereigns of the British Isles, and Louis withdrew support for James II. Lastly, the Dutch were given the right to garrison forts in the Spanish Netherlands which acted as a protective barrier against possible French aggression. Though the final peace may appear a diplomatic defeat for Louis, he in fact fulfilled many of the aims laid down in his 1688 ultimatum.<ref>Lossky, Andrew. "''Louis XIV and the French Monarchy''", New Brunswick, New Jersey (1994), p. 255</ref> In any case, to him, peace in 1697 was victory.<ref>Lynn, John A., p. 256.</ref>
 
==Πόλεμος της Ισπανικής Διαδοχής==
{{Κύριο|Πόλεμος της Ισπανικής Διαδοχής}}
 
===Αίτια και πορεία προς τον πόλεμο===
Από την εποχή της Συνθήκης του Ryswick, η Ισπανική διαδοχή ενέδρευε στο μυαλό των Ευρωπαίων ηγετών για τουλάχιστον σαράντα έτη. Ο Κάρολος Β' κυβερνούσε μια αχανή, ευλογημένη αυτοκρατορία, περιλαμβάνουσα την Ισπανία, τη [[Βασίλειο της Νάπολης|Νάπολη]], τη [[Βασίλειο της Σικελίας|Σικελία]], το Μιλάνο, τις [[Νότιες Κάτω Χώρες#Ισπανικές Κάτω Χώρες|τις Ισπανικές Κάτω Χώρες]] και πολυάριθμες [[Ισπανική Αυτοκρατορία|αποικίες]]. Αλλά ο φιλάσθενος άνδρας δεν μπορούσε να αποκτήσει παιδιά και συνεπώς, δεν είχε άμεσους κληρονόμους.
 
Οι κύριοι διεκδικητές του θρόνου της Ισπανίας ήταν Γάλλοι και Αυστριακοί και στενά συνδεδεμένοι με τον Κάρολο Β'. Η Γαλλική διεκδίκηση προερχόταν από την Άννα της Αυστρίας (μεγαλύτερη κόρη του [[Φίλιππος Β' της Ισπανίας|Φιλίππου Β' της Ισπανίας]]) και την Marie-Thérèse (μεγαλύτερη κόρη του Φιλίππου Δ'). Based on the laws of [[primogeniture]], France had the better claim as it originated from eldest daughters in each generation. However, the princesses’ renunciations to the throne complicated matters; nevertheless, Marie-Thérèse's renunciation was considered null and void owing to Spain's breach of the marriage agreement. In contrast, no renunciation tainted the claims of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles, Archduke of Austria]]. However, he was only descended from Philip III's youngest daughter, [[Maria Anna of Spain|Maria Anna]], and so, had an inferior claim if judged solely on traditional rules. The English and Dutch feared that a French or Austrian-born Spanish king would threaten the [[balance of power in international relations|balance of power]] and thus preferred the Bavarian [[Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, Prince of Asturias|Joseph Ferdinand]]. He was Leopold I's grandson through his first wife [[Margaret Theresa of Spain]] (Philip IV's younger daughter).
[[File:Felipe V; Rey de España.jpg|thumb|left|[[Philip V of Spain]]]]
 
In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the [[Treaty of The Hague (1698)|First Partition Treaty]] of 1698 with William III. This divided Spain's Italian territories between ''le Grand Dauphin'' and the Archduke, awarding the rest of the empire to Joseph Ferdinand. William III consented to the Dauphin's new territories becoming part of France when the latter succeeded to his father's throne.<ref>Lynn, John A., p.267.</ref> The signatories, however, omitted to consult the ruler of these lands, and Charles II was passionately against his empire's dismemberment. In 1699, he reiterated his 1693 will which named Joseph Ferdinand as his sole successor.<ref name="Dunlop, Ian p. 353">Dunlop, Ian. "''Louis XIV''", p. 353, Pimlico London 2001.</ref>
 
Six months later, Joseph Ferdinand died. Therefore, in 1700, Louis and William III again concluded a [[Treaty of London (1700)|Partition Treaty]]. This allocated Spain, the Low Countries and colonies to the Archduke. The Dauphin would receive all Spain's Italian territories.<ref name="Lynn, John A. 1999 p.268">Lynn, p.268.</ref> Charles II acknowledged that his empire could only remain undivided by bequeathing it entirely to a Frenchman or an Austrian. Under pressure from his German wife, [[Maria Anna of Neuburg]], Charles II then named the Archduke Charles as sole heir.
 
===Αποδοχή της διαθήκης και συνέπειες===
[[File:Louis le Grand; Rigaud Hyacinthe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ο Λουδοβίκος το 1701.]]
Στο νεκρικό του κρεβάτι το 1700, ο Κάρολος Β' απροσδόκητα άλλαξε την διαθήκη του. Η πρώην Γαλλική στρατιωτική υπεροχή, η φιλογαλλική παράταξη και ακόμη και ο [[Πάπας Ιννοκέντιος ΙΒ']] τον έπεισαν ότι η Γαλλία ήταν πιο πιθανό να διατηρήσει την αυτοκρατορία του άθικτη. Ούτως προσέφερε στον δεύτερο γιο του Δελφίνου, τον [[Φίλιππος Ε' της Ισπανίας|Φίλιππο, Δούκα του Ανζού]], ολόκληρη την αυτοκρατορία, με προϋπόθεση ότι θα παρέμενε αδιαίρετη. ο Ανζού δεν ήταν στην άμεση γραμμή της Γαλλικής διαδοχή, ούτως η ανάρρηση του δεν θα προκαλούσε μια Γαλλοϊσπανική ένωση.<ref name="Lynn, John A. 1999 p.268"/> Αν ο Ανζού αρνείτο, ο θρόνος θα προσφερόταν στον νεότερο αδελφό του, τον[[Κάρολος, Δούκας του Μπερρύ (1686–1714)|Charles de France]], μετά από τον οποίο, στον Αρχιδούκα Κάρολο, και στο τέλος, στον μακρινό συγγενικό [[Οίκος της Σαβοΐας|Οίκο της Σαβοΐας]].<ref>Kamen, Henry. (2001) ''Philip V of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice'', Yale University Press, p. 6. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.</ref>
 
Ο Λουδοβίκος ήλθε αντιμέτωπος με μια δύσκολη επιλογή. Θα μπορούσε να συμφωνήσει στον διαχωρισμό και να αποφύγει ίσως έναν γενικό πόλεμο, ή να αποδεχθεί την διαθήκη του Καρόλου Β' και να αποξενώσει μεγάλο μέρος της Ευρώπης. Αρχικά, ο Λουδοβίκος may have inclined towards abiding by the partition treaties. However, the Dauphin's insistence persuaded Louis otherwise.<ref>Dunlop, p. 358.</ref> Moreover, [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy]] pointed out that war with the Emperor would almost certainly ensue even if Louis only accepted part of the Spanish inheritance. He emphasized William III's reluctance to assist France in war because he "made a treaty to avoid war and did not intend to go to war to implement the treaty".<ref name="Dunlop, Ian p. 353"/> If war was bound to happen, it might be preferable to be in control of the disputed lands. Eventually, therefore, Louis decided to accept Charles II's will. Philippe, duc d'Anjou, thus became Philip V, king of Spain.
 
Most European rulers accepted Philip as King of Spain, though some only reluctantly. Depending on one's views of the war as inevitable or not, Louis acted reasonably or arrogantly.<ref>Lynn, p.269, see footnote 1.</ref> He confirmed that Philip V retained his French rights despite his new Spanish position. Admittedly, he may only have been hypothesising a theoretical eventuality and not attempting a Franco-Spanish union. But his actions were certainly not read as being innocent. Moreover, Louis also sent troops to the Spanish Netherlands, evicting Dutch garrisons and securing Dutch recognition of Philip V. In 1701, he transferred the ''[[asiento]]'' to France, alienating English traders. As tensions mounted, Louis decided to acknowledge [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Stuart]], James II's son, as king on the latter's death, infuriating William III. These actions enraged Britain and the United Provinces.<ref>Lynn, p.269-270.</ref> Consequently, with the Emperor and the petty German states, they formed another Grand Alliance, declaring war on France in 1702. French diplomacy, however, secured Bavaria, Portugal and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies.<ref>Merriman, page 321.</ref>
 
===Commencement of fighting===
Even before war was officially declared, hostilities had commenced with Imperial aggression in Italy. When finally declared, the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] would last almost till Louis's death, and proved costly for him and France.
 
It began with French successes, however, the joint talents of [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]] and [[Eugene of Savoy]] checked these victories and broke the myth of French invincibility. The duo allowed the Palatinate and Austria to occupy Bavaria after their victory at [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]]. [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian II Emanuel]] had to flee to the Spanish Netherlands. This victory also won the support of Portugal and Savoy. Later, the [[Battle of Ramillies]] delivered the Low Countries up to the Allies, and the [[Battle of Turin]] forced Louis to evacuate Italy, leaving it open to Allied forces. Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy met again at the [[Battle of Oudenarde]] which allowed them to commence an invasion of France.
 
Defeats, famine, and mounting debt greatly weakened France. In particular, two massive [[famine]]s struck France between 1693 and 1710, killing over two million people. In both cases, the impact of harvest failure was exacerbated by wartime demands on the food supply.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ó Gráda |first=Cormac |coauthors=Chevet, Jean-Michel |year=2002 |title=Famine And Market In ''Ancient Régime'' France |journal=The Journal of Economic History |pmid=17494233 |volume=62 |issue= 3|pages=706–733 |doi=10.1017/S0022050702001055 |url= |quote= }} [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=122547]</ref> In his desperation, Louis XIV even ordered a disastrous invasion of [[Guernsey]] in the autumn of 1704 with the aim of raiding their successful harvest. By the winter of 1708–1709, Louis became willing to accept peace at nearly any cost. He agreed that the entire Spanish empire should be surrendered to the Archduke, and also consented to return to the frontiers of the Peace of Westphalia, giving up all he had worked for over sixty years of his reign. However, he could not speak for his grandson and could not promise that Philip V would accept these terms. Accordingly, the Allies demanded that Louis should single-handedly attack his own grandson to force these terms on him. This, Louis could not do, and the work continued.<ref>Lynn, p. 326.</ref>
 
===Turning point===
The War had shown that, just as surely as France could not retain the entire Spanish inheritance, so the Allies could not maintain the Archduke in Spain. They were definitively expelled from central Spain by the Franco-Spanish victories at [[Battle of Almansa|Almansa]], [[Battle of Villaviciosa|Villaviciosa]] and [[Battle of Brihuega|Brihuega]]. Moreover, French forces remained obdurate despite their defeats. The Allies suffered a [[Pyrrhic victory]] at [[Battle of Malplaquet|Malplaquet]] with 21,000 casualties, double that of the French.<ref>Lynn, p. 334.</ref> Eventually, France recovered its military pride with the decisive victory at [[Battle of Denain|Denain]].
[[File:Philippe Buache Carte de France divisee suivant les quatre departements de Messieurs les secretaires dEtat 07710637.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Map of France after the death of Louis XIV]]
Furthermore, the position in Austria had changed. In 1705, Leopold I died. His elder son and successor, [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], followed him in 1711. The Archduke Charles subsequently inherited his brother's Austrian lands. If the Spanish empire then fell to him, it would have resurrected a domain as vast as that of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]. To the Maritime Powers, this was as undesirable as the feared Franco-Spanish union.<ref>Lynn, p. 342.</ref>
 
===Road to and conclusion of peace===
Accordingly, Anglo-French talks began, culminating in the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht]] in 1713 between France, Spain, Britain, and the Dutch. In 1714, after losing [[Landau]] and [[Freiburg]], the Emperor and Empire also made peace with France in the [[Treaty of Rastatt]] and that of [[Treaty of Baden|Baden]].
 
By the general settlement, Philip V retained Spain and the colonies, Austria received the Low Countries and divided Spanish Italy with Savoy, and Britain kept Gibraltar and Minorca. Louis agreed to withdraw his support for James Stuart, and ceded [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], [[Rupert's Land]], and Acadia in the Americas to Britain. Admittedly, Britain gained the most from the Treaty, but the final terms were very much more favourable to France than those of 1709 and 1710. France retained [[Prince Edward Island|Île-Saint-Jean]] and [[Cape Breton Island|Île Royale]], and notwithstanding Allied intransigence, was returned most of the captured Continental lands, largely preserving its ''antebellum'' frontiers. Louis even acquired additional territory, such as the [[Orange, Vaucluse|Principality of Orange]], and the [[Ubaye Valley]], which covered transalpine passes into Italy. Moreover, thanks to Louis, his allies, the Electors of Bavaria and of Cologne, were rehabilitated to their pre-war status and returned their lands.<ref>Lynn, p. 356-360.</ref>
 
==Θάνατος==
[[File:Nicolas de Largillière 003.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Louis XIV (seated) with his son ''[[Louis, Dauphin of France (1661–1711)|le Grand Dauphin]]'' (to the left), his grandson [[Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy|Louis, Duke of Burgundy]] (to the right), his great-grandson [[Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)|Louis, Duke of Brittany]], and [[Madame de Ventadour]], Brittany's governess, who commissioned this painting; busts of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] and [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] in the background.]]
Μετά από μια βασιλεία 72 ετών, ο Λουδοβίκος πέθανε από [[γάγγραινα]] στις Βερσαλλίες την 1η Σεπτεμβρίου 1715, τέσσερις ημέρες πριν τα 77ά του γενέθλια. Reciting the [[psalm]] ''Domine, ad adjuvandum me festina'' (''O Lord, make haste to help me''), Louis "yielded up his soul without any effort, like a candle going out".<ref>Dunlop, p. 468.</ref> His body lies in [[Saint-Denis Basilica]], outside Paris.
 
Ο Δελφίνος πέθανε πριν από τον Λουδοβίκο το 1711, αφήνοντας τρία παιδιά: τον [[Λουδοβίκος της Γαλλίας, Δούκας της Βουργουνδίας|Λουδοβίκο, Δούκα της Βουργουνδίας]]· τον Φίλιππο Ε' της Ισπανίας· και τον Κάρολο, Δούκα του Μπερρύ. Ο μεγαλύτερος, της Βουργουνδίας, ακολούθησε το 1712, και τον ακολούθησε σύντομα ο μεγαλύτερος γιος του, [[Λουδοβίκος, Δελφίνος της Γαλλίας (1707-1712)|Λουδοβίκο, Δούκα της Βρετάνης]]. Ούτως, στο νεκρικό κρεβάτι του Λουδοβίκου ΙΔ', ο διάδοχός του ήταν ο πεντάχρονος δισέγγονος του, [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΕ' της Γαλλίας|Λουδοβίκος, Δούκας του Ανζού]], νεότερος γιος του Δούκα της Βουργουνδίας, και Δελφίνοε μετά τους θανάτους σε μικρό διάστημα του παππού του, του πατέρα του και του μεγαλύτερου αδελφού του.
 
[[File:DrugstoreOfLouisXIVWithDetails.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pharmacopea]] of Louis XIV, with details. [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]], Paris.]]
 
Louis foresaw a minority and sought to restrict the power of his nephew, [[Philip II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe d'Orléans]], who as closest surviving legitimate relative in France would become the prospective Louis XV's regent. Accordingly, he created a regency council as Louis XIII did in anticipation of his own minority with some power vested in his illegitimate son, [[Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine|Louis Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine]].<ref>Dunlop, p. 454-455.</ref>
 
Orléans, however, had Louis's will annulled by the ''Parlement de Paris'' after his death and made himself sole regent. He stripped Maine and his brother, [[Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse]], of the rank of "[[Prince du Sang|prince of the blood]]", which Louis had given them, and significantly reduced Maine's power and privileges.<ref>Antoine, p. 33-37.</ref>
 
==Legacy==
According to [[Philippe de Dangeau]]'s ''Journal'', Louis on his deathbed advised his heir: <blockquote>"Do not follow the bad example which I have set you; I have often undertaken war too lightly and have sustained it for vanity. Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects".<ref name="Bluche, François p. 890">Bluche, p. 890.</ref></blockquote>
 
[[File:France 1552-1798.png|thumb|left|350px|Territorial expansion of France under Louis XIV (1643–1715) is depicted in orange.]]
 
Some historians point out that exaggerating one's sins was a customary demonstration of piety in those days. Accordingly, in assessing him, they do not place much emphasis on Louis's deathbed declarations. Rather, they focus on his success in placing a French prince on the Spanish throne. This, they contend, ended the threat of an aggressive Spain which historically interfered in domestic French politics. These historians also emphasise the effect of Louis's wars in expanding France and creating more defensible frontiers, preserving France from invasion until the Revolution.<ref name="Bluche, François p. 890"/> Arguably, Louis also indirectly applied himself to "the alleviation of the burdens of [his] subjects". For example, Louis patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and commerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. Moreover, the significant reduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions are seen by these historians as the result of Louis's consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites.<ref>See above, section on "Height of Power".</ref> In their opinion, his early reforms centralised France and marked the birth of the modern State. They regard the political and military victories as well as numerous cultural achievements as the means by which Louis helped raise France to Europe's pre-eminent position.<ref>Dunlop, p. 433; citing Montesquieu: "''Louis established the greatness of France by building Versailles and Marly''".</ref> Such was the case that France served as an example of political organisation for much of Europe during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Europe came to admire France for its successes, power and sophistication. And European began to emulate French manners, values, goods and way-of-life. French even became the lingua franca of the European elite.
 
Louis's detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted France. However, his supporters distinguish the State, which was impoverished, from France, which was not. As evidence in support, they cite the literature of the time, such as the social commentary, ''[[Persian Letters|Lettres Persanes]]'' by Montesquieu.<ref>Bluche, p. 876, Hachette Litteratures, Paris (1986).</ref>
 
Alternatively, Louis's critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the Revolution to his failure to reform French institutions while the monarchy was still secure. But, other scholars opine that there was little reason to reform institutions which largely worked well under him. They also maintain that events occurring almost eighty years after his death were not reasonably foreseeable to Louis and that in any case his successors had sufficient time to initiate reforms of their own.<ref>Bluche, p. 506 & 877–878, Hachette Litteratures, Paris (1986).</ref>
 
Louis has often been criticised for his vanity. [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]], who claimed that Louis slighted him, criticised him thus: <blockquote>"There was nothing he liked so much as flattery, or, to put it more plainly, adulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it".</blockquote> For his part, Voltaire saw Louis's vanity as the cause for his bellicosity:<blockquote>"It is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests themselves. In the acquisition of Alsace and half of Flanders, and of all of Franche-Comté, what he really liked was the name he made for himself."<ref>J.P. Sommerville, [http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351-14.htm The wars of Louis XIV</ref></blockquote>
 
But, Louis has also received praise. The anti-Bourbon [[Napoléon I of France|Napoleon]] described him not only as "a great king", but also as "the only King of France worthy of the name".<ref>Napoleon Bonaparte, ''Napoleon's Notes on English History made on the Eve of the French Revolution'', illustrated from Contemporary Historians and referenced from the findings of Later Research by Henry Foljambe Hall. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1905, 258.</ref> [[Leibniz]], the German Protestant philosopher, commended him as "one of the greatest kings that ever was".<ref>Bluche, p. 926.</ref> And Lord Acton admired him as "by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the steps of a throne".<ref>Durant, Will and Ariel. "The Story of Civilisation (Volume 8): The Age of Louis XIV", p. 721.</ref> Finally, Voltaire also dubbed his reign "an eternally memorable age", calling it "''le Grand Siècle''" (the "Great Century").
 
==Image and depiction==
Few rulers in world history have commemorated themselves in as grand a manner as Louis.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Peter |last=Burke |title=The fabrication of Louis XIV |journal=History Today |year=1992 |volume=42 |issue=2 |doi= |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> Louis used the arts and court ritual to demonstrate, augment and maintain his control over France. With his support, Colbert established from the beginning of Louis's personal reign a centralised and institutionalised system for creating and perpetuating the royal image. The King was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war, notably against Spain. This portrayal of the monarch was to be found in numerous media of artistic expression, such as painting, sculpture, theatre, dance, music, and the almanacs which diffused royal propaganda to the population at large.
 
===Evolution of royal portraiture===
[[File:Le roi gouverne par lui-même.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Le roi gouverne par lui-même'', ''modello'' for the central panel of the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors ca. 1680 by Le Brun, (1619–1690)]]
Over his lifetime, Louis commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, amongst which are over 300 formal portraits. The earliest portrayals of Louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of France. This idealisation of the monarch continued in later works. These avoided depicting any trace of smallpox, which Louis suffered in 1647. Moreover, by the 1660s, Louis began to be shown as a Roman emperor, [[Apollo]], or [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], as may be seen in many of [[Charles Le Brun|Le Brun]]'s works such as sculpture, paintings and the decor in major monuments.
 
The depiction of the King in this manner focussed on the allegorical or the mythological, instead of attempting to produce true likenesses. As Louis aged, so too did his likenesses in portraits. However, the conflict between representing him realistically and representing him in the manner required by royal propaganda continued and was demonstrated in [[Hyacinthe Rigaud|Rigaud]]'s ''Portrait of Louis XIV of 1701'' where a 63 year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Stanis |last=Perez |title=Les Rides D'apollon: L'evolution Des Portraits de Louis XIV |trans_title=Apollo's Wrinkles: the Evolution of Portraits of Louis XIV |journal=Revue D'histoire Moderne et Contemporaine |year=2003 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=62–95 |issn=0048-8003 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref>
 
Indeed, Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture in Louis's reign. Although Rigaud made a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis's personal character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the King's costume with great precision, down to his shoe buckle.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/jhi.2002.0027 |first=Amy M. |last=Schmitter |title=Representation and the Body of Power in French Academic Painting |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |year=2002 |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=399–424 |issn=0022-5037 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} |jstor=3654315 }}</ref> However, Rigaud's intention was to glorify the monarchy. Rigaud's original, now housed in the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]], was originally meant as a gift to Louis's grandson, [[Philip V of Spain]]. However, Louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson. That became the first of many copies, both in full and half-length formats, to be made by Rigaud, often with the help of his assistants. The portrait also became a model for French royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], over a century later. In his work, Rigaud proclaims Louis's exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression, the royal regalia and throne, rich ceremonial fleur-de-lys robes, as well as the upright column in the background, which, together with the drapperies, serves to frame this image of majesty.
 
===Other works of art===
In addition to these portraits, Louis also commissioned at least twenty statues of himself in the 1680s to stand in Paris and in provincial towns as physical manifestations of himself to his people. He also commissioned "war artists" to follow him on campaign to document his military triumphs. To remind the people of these triumphs, Louis erected in Paris and the provinces permanent triumphal arches for the first time since the decline of the [[Western Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]. Louis's reign also marked the birth and infancy of the art of medallions. Sixteenth century rulers had often issued medals to commemorate the major events of their reigns. Louis, however, struck more than 300, celebrating the story of the King in bronze to be enshrined in thousands of households. He also used tapestries as a main medium of exalting the monarchy. Tapestries were either allegorical, depicting the elements or seasons, or realist, portraying royal residences or historical events. They were amongst the most significant means of royal propaganda prior to the construction of the [[Hall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles)|Hall of Mirrors]] (French: ''la Galerie des Glaces'') at Versailles.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.3406/hes.2000.2134 |first=Gérard |last=Sabatier |title=La Gloire du Roi: Iconographie de Louis XIV de 1661 a 1672 |journal=Histoire, Economie et Société |year=2000 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=527–560 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}.</ref>
 
[[File:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles]]
 
===At Versailles===
It was at his great palace, with its gardens, architecture, interior design and works of art, that Louis sought to visually represent the absolute power of the monarchy. The Hall of Mirrors became the setting for court events and became the most prestigious part of the vast complex. Under the King's close supervision, Le Brun finalised the decoration of the Hall of Mirrors, which retraced the important accomplishments of Louis's reign, such as his accession or the War of Devolution. Decorative arches emphasise the significant events during the Dutch War. These decorations were intended to depict Louis's grandeur and understandably omit any mention of French losses and defeats suffered as well as the subsequent diplomatic isolation of France.
 
===Ballet===
Louis loved ballet and frequently danced in court ballets during the early half of his reign. In general, Louis was an eager dancer, performing 80 roles in 40 major ballets. This approaches the career of a professional ballet dancer.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Julia |last=Prest |title=Dancing King: Louis XIV's Roles in Molière's Comedies-ballets, from Court to Town |journal=Seventeenth Century |year=2001 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=283–298 |issn=0268-117x |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref> His choices were strategic and varied. He danced four parts in three of [[Molière]]'s comédies-ballets—plays accompanied by music and dance. Louis played an Egyptian in ''Le Mariage forcé'' in 1664, a Moorish gentleman in ''Le Sicilien'' in 1667, and both Neptune and Apollo in ''Les Amants magnifiques'' in 1670.
 
Thus, he sometimes danced leading roles which were suitably royal or godlike (such as Neptune, Apollo or the Sun).<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Julia |last=Prest |title=Dancing King: Louis XIV's Roles in Molière's Comedies-ballets, from Court to Town |journal=Seventeenth Century |year=2001 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=283–298 |issn=0268-117x |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref> At other times, he would adopt mundane roles before appearing at the end in the lead role. It is considered that, at all times, he provided his roles with sufficient majesty and drew the limelight with his flair for dancing.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Julia |last=Prest |title=Dancing King: Louis XIV's Roles in Molière's Comedies-ballets, from Court to Town |journal=Seventeenth Century |year=2001 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=283–298 |issn=0268-117x |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref> The sheer number of performances and diversity of roles may serve to indicate a deeper understanding and interest in the art form. Ballet may thus not have merely been a tool for manipulation in his propaganda machinery. Perhaps, Louis was indeed passionate about the art and its progress. Regardless, it is clear Louis combined business with art in a mutually beneficial way. Through his work, Louis developed the original concept of balletic grandeur we see today.
 
It bears mention that performances at court and in Paris differed substantially. Performances at court were often accompanied by suitably majestic music, especially for those ballets danced by the King. Moreover, the lyrics usually conveyed royal power and benevolence as the patron of the arts. On the other hand, parts played by the King no longer stood out from those of other performers when performed in Paris. In fact, the plays which most overtly promoted Louis's royal image were not performed at all outside of court. This testifies to Molière's readiness to adapt his plays according to the venue and the audience.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Julia |last=Prest |title=Dancing King: Louis XIV's Roles in Molière's Comedies-ballets, from Court to Town |journal=Seventeenth Century |year=2001 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=283–298 |issn=0268-117x |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>
 
===Unofficial image===
Besides the official depiction and image of Louis, his subjects also followed a non-official discourse, consisting mainly of clandestine publications, popular songs, and rumors. This provided an alternative interpretation of the King and his government. They often focussed on the miseries arising from poor government, but also carried the hope for a better future in the event the King escaped the malignant influence of his ministers and mistresses and took the government into his own hands. On the other hand, petitions addressed either directly to Louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy. These varying interpretations of Louis abounded in self-contradictions that reflected the people's amalgamation of their everyday experiences with the idea of monarchy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jens Ivo | first1 = Engels | year = 2003 | title = Denigrer, Esperer, Assumer La Realite. Le Roi de France perçu par ses Sujets, 1680–1750" ["Disparaging, Hoping, Taking on Reality: the French King as Perceived by His Subjects, 1680–1750"] | url = | journal=Revue D'histoire Moderne et Contemporaine | volume = 50 | issue = 3| pages = 96–126 }}</ref>
 
==Piety and religion==
[[File:MEP in Paris.jpg|thumb|Louis XIV encouraged Catholic missions through the creation of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]].]]
Louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the Gallican Church, Louis made his devotions daily regardless of where he was, following the liturgical calendar regularly.<ref>John B. Wolf, ''Louis XIV'' p. 280. </ref> Towards the middle and the end of his reign, the centre for the King's religious observances was usually the Chapelle Royale at Versailles. Ostentation was a distinguishing feature of daily Mass, annual celebrations, such as those of [[Holy Week]], and special ceremonies.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3406/hes.2000.2133 | last1 = Gaudelus | first1 = Sébastien | year = 2000 | title = La Mise en Spectacle De La Religion Royale: Recherches sur la Devotion de Louis XIV | url = | journal=Histoire, Economie et Société | volume = 19 | issue = 4| pages = 513–526 }}</ref> Louis established the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]], but his informal [[Franco-Ottoman alliance#Revival of the alliance under Louis XIV|alliance]] with the [[Ottoman Empire]] was criticised for undermining Christendom.<ref>Tony Claydon, ''Europe and the Making of England, 1660–1760'' (2007 p 182</ref>
 
==Quotes==
There is no proof that he ever said "{{lang|fr|''L'État, c'est moi''}}" ("I am the state") (l'Etat, c'est moi). Although historians agree that broad decision-making was restricted to Louis and a small circle of advisers, a careful analysis of how the French monarchy functioned in Louis's day will demonstrate numerous qualifications to the conception of Absolutism as one-dimensional autocratic tyranny. In any case, legal documents clearly distinguished between the monarch as a person and his kingdom.<ref>Tim Blanning, ''The Pursuit of Glory: The Five Revolutions That Made Modern Europe'' (2008) p. 286</ref><ref>Peter H. Wilson, ''Absolutism in central Europe'' (2000) p. 54</ref> In support of this latter interpretation of facts, Louis is recorded by numerous eyewitnesses as having said on his deathbed: "{{lang|fr|''Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours.''}}" ("I depart, but the State shall always remain.")<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55404p.image.r=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+mort+de+Louis+XIV.f27.langFR|title=Mémoire sur la mort de Louis XIV (on page 24)|author=[[Philippe de Dangeau|Marquis de Dangeau]]|accessdate=29 November 2009}}</ref>
 
==Style and arms==
Louis's formal style was "''Louis XIV, par la grâce de Dieu, roi de France et de Navarre''", or "Louis XIV, by the Grace of God, King of France and of Navarre". His [[coat of arms|arms]] were ''Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) impaling Gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle Or an emerald Proper (for Navarre)''.
 
==Order of Saint Louis==
On 5 April 1693, Louis also founded the [[Order of Saint Louis|Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis]] ({{lang-fr|Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis}}), a military [[Order (decoration)|Order of Chivalry]].<ref>Hamilton, Walter. "Dated Book-plates (Ex Libris) with a Treatise on Their Origin", P37. Published 1895. A.C. Black</ref><ref>Edmunds, Martha. "Piety and Politics", P274. 2002. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-693-8</ref> He named it after Louis IX and intended it as a reward for outstanding officers. It is notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non-nobles and is roughly the forerunner of the ''[[Légion d'honneur]]'', with which it shares the red ribbon (though the ''Légion d'honneur'' is awarded to military personnel and civilians alike).
 
==See also==
{{πύλη|Ευρώπη|Βιογραφίες]]}}
* [[Κατάλογος Γάλλων μοναρχών]]
* Γαλλία
* [[Outline of France]]
* [[Levée (ceremony)]]
* [[Charles de Lorme]], personal medical doctor to Louis XIV
 
==Πρόγονοι==
<div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame">
<div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Πρόγονοι του Λουδοβίκου ΙΔ' της Γαλλίας'''
</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;">
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact6
| style = font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
| border = 1
| boxstyle = padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #fcb;
| boxstyle_6 = background-color: #ffc;
|1= 1. '''Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ',<br />Βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας και της Ναβάρρας'''
|2= 2. [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΓ' της Γαλλίας|Λουδοβίκος ΙΓ',<br />Βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας και της Ναβάρρας]]
|3= 3. [[Άννα της Αυστρίας]]
|4= 4. [[Ερρίκος Δ' της Γαλλίας|Ερρίκος Δ',<br />Βασιλιάς της Γαλλίας και της Ναβάρρας]]
|5= 5. [[Μαρία των Μεδίκων]]
|6= 6. [[Φίλιππος Γ' της Ισπανίας|Φίλιππος Γ'/Β',<br />Βασιλιάς της Ισπανίας και της Πορτογαλίας]]
|7= 7. [[Μαργαρίτα της Αυστρίας (1584-1611)|Μαργαρίτα της Αυστρίας]]
|8= 8. [[Αντώνιος της Ναβάρρας|Antoine,<br />Δούκας του Βαντόμ,<br />Βασιλιάς της Ναβάρρας]]
|9= 9. [[Jeanne III of Navarre|Jeanne III,<br />Βασίλισσα της Ναβάρρας]]
|10= 10. [[Φραγκίσκος Α' των Μεδίκων|Francesco I de' Medici,<br />Μεγάλος Δούκας της Τοσκάνης]]
|11= 11. [[Ιωάννα της Αυστρίας]]
|12= 12. [[Φίλιππος Β' της Ισπανίας|Φίλιππος Β'/Α',<br />Βασιλιάς της Ισπανίας και της Πορτογαλίας]]
|13= 13. [[Άννα της Αυστρίας (1549-1580)|Άννα της Αυστρίας]]
|14= 14. [[Κάρολος Β' της Αυστρίας|Charles II,<br />Archduke of Inner Austria]]
|15= 15. [[Μαρία Άννα της Βαυαρίας (1551-1608)|Μαρία Άννα της Βαυαρίας]]
|16= 16. [[Κάρολος, Δούκας του Βαντόμ|Κάρολος,<br />Δούκας του Βαντόμ]]
|17= 17. [[Φραγκίσκη του Αλανσόν]]
|18= 18. [[Ερρίκος Β' της Ναβάρρας|Henry II,<br />King of Navarre]]
|19= 19. [[Μαργαρίτα της Ναβάρρας|Marguerite d'Angoulême,<br />Βασίλισσα της Ναβάρρας]]
|20= 20. [[Κόζιμο Α' των Μεδίκων|Cosimo I de' Medici,<br />Μεγάλος Δούκας τηςς Τοσκάνης]]
|21= 21. [[Ελεονόρα του Τολέδο]]
|22= 22. [[Φερδινάνδος Α', Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας|Φερδινάνδος Α',<br>Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας]] (=28, 52, 62)
|23= 23. [[Άννα της Βοημίας και της Ουγγαρίας]] (=29, 53, 63)
|24= 24. [[Κάρολος Ε', Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας|Κάρολος Ε'/Α',<br />Βασιλιάς της Ισπανίας,<br />Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας]] (=54)
|25= 25. [[Ισαβέλλα της Πορτογαλίας]] (=55)
|26= 26. [[Μαξιμιλιανός Β', Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας|Μαξιμιλιανός Β',<br />Βασιλιάς της Βοημίας καιτης Ουγγαρίας,<br />Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας]]
|27= 27. [[Μαρία της Ισπανίας]]
|28= 28. [[Φερδινάνδος Α', Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας|Φερδινάνδος Α',<br />Αρχιδούκας της Αυστρίας,<br />Βασιλιάς της Βοημίας και της Ουγγαρίας,<br />Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας]] (=22, 52, 62)
|29= 29. [[Άννα της Βοημίας και της Ουγγαρίας]] (=23, 53, 63)
|30= 30. [[Αλβέρτος Ε', Δούκας της Βαυαρίας|Αλβέρτος Ε',<br />Δούκας της Βαυαρίας]]
|31= 31. [[Άννα της Αυστρίας (1528-1590)|Άννα της Αυστρίας]]
|32= 32. [[Φραγκίσκος, Κόμης του Βαντόμ]]
|33= 33. [[Μαρία του Λουξεμβούργου]]
|34= 34. [[Ρενέ της Αλενσόν]]
|35= 35. [[Μαργαρίτα της Λορραίνης]]
|36= 36. [[Ιωάννης Γ' της Ναβάρρας]]
|37= 37. [[Αικατερίνη Α' της Ναβάρρας]]
|38= 38. [[Κάρολος, Κόμης της Ανγκουλέμ]]
|39= 39. [[Λουίζα της Σαβοΐας]]
|40= 40. [[Τζιοβάνι ντάλε Μπάντε Νέρε]]
|41= 41. [[Μαρία Σαλβιάτι]]
|42= 42. [[Πέδρο Αλβάρεθ ντε Τολέδο]]
|43= 43. Μαρία Οσόριο Πιμεντέλ
|44= 44. [[Φίλιππος Α' της Καστίλης]] (=48, 56)
|45= 45. [[Ιωάννα Α' της Καστίλης]] (=49, 57)
|46= 46. [[Βλαδίσλαος Β' της Βοημίας και της Ουγγαρίας]] (=58)
|47= 47. [[Άννα του Φουά-Καντάλ]] (=59)
|48= 48. [[Φίλιππος Α' της Καστίλης]] (=44, 56)
|49= 49. [[Ιωάννα Α' της Καστίλης]] (=45, 57)
|50= 50. [[Μαουέλ Α' της Πορτογαλίας]]
|51= 51. [[Μαρία της Αραγονίας (1482-1517)|Μαρία της Αραγονίας]]
|52= 52. [[Φερδινάνδος Α', Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας]] (=22, 28, 62)
|53= 53. Άννα της Βοημίας και της Ουγγαρίας (=23, 29, 63)
|54= 54. [[Κάρολος Ε', Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας|Κάρολος Ε',<br />Βασιλιάς της Ισπανίας,<br />Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας]] (=24)
|55= 55. [[Ισαβέλλα της Πορτογαλίας]] (=25)
|56= 56. [[Φίλιππος Α' της Καστίλης]] (=44, 48)
|57= 57. [[Ιωάννα Α' της Καστίλης]] (=45, 57)
|58= 58. [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary]] (=46)
|59= 59. [[Άννα του Φουά-Καντάλ]] (=47)
|60= 60. [[Γουλιέλμος Δ', Δούκας της Βαυαρίας]]
|61= 61. [[Μαρία του Μπάντεν-Σπόνχαϊμ]]
|62= 62. [[Φερδινάνδος Α', Άγιος Ρωμαίος Αυτοκράτορας]] (=22, 28, 52)
|63= 63. [[Άννα της Βοημίας και της Ουγγαρίας]] (=22, 28, 52)
}}</center>
</div></div>
 
==Issue==
[[File:Fa965589b0.jpg|thumb|right|Louis with his wife, Maria Theresa of Spain and his only surviving son, Louis, ''le Grand Dauphin'', by [[Joseph Werner]]]]
<div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame">
<div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Legitimate Children of Louis XIV of France'''
</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;">
 
{{Main|Descendants of Louis XIV of France}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
| colspan = 4|'''''By [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and of Navarre]] (20 September 1638 – 30 July 1683)'''''
|-
| [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711)|Louis de France, ''le Grand Dauphin'']] || 1 November 1661 || 14 April 1711||[[Fils de France]]. [[Dauphin of France]] (1661–1711). Had issue. Father of [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1682-1712)|Louis, duc de Bourgogne (later Dauphin of France)]], [[Philip V of Spain|Philippe, duc d'Anjou (later King of Spain)]] and [[Charles, Duke of Berry (1686-1714)|Charles, duc de Berry]]. Grandfather of [[Louis XV of France|Louis, duc d'Anjou (later Dauphin, and then King of France)]]
|-
| [[Princess Anne Élisabeth of France|Anne Élisabeth de France]]||18 November 1662||30 December 1662||[[Fille de France]]. Died in infancy.
|-
| [[Princess Marie Anne of France|Marie Anne de France]]||16 November 1664||26 December 1664 (?)||[[Fille de France]]. Died in infancy.
|-
| [[Princess Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)|Marie Thérèse de France]]||2 January 1667||1 March 1672||[[Fille de France]]. Known as [[Madame Royale]] and ''la Petite Madame''
|-
| [[Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou|Philippe Charles de France, ''duc d'Anjou'']]||5 August 1668||10 July 1671||[[Fils de France]].
|-
|[[Louis François, Duke of Anjou|Louis François de France, ''duc d'Anjou'']]||14 June 1672||4 November 1672||[[Fils de France]]. Died in infancy.
|}
</div></div>
 
<div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame">
<div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Illegitimate Children of Louis XIV of France'''
</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;">
 
{{Main|List of descendants of Louis XIV of France}}
 
'''''Note: This is an incomplete list of Louis XIV's illegitimate children. He reputedly had more, but the difficulty in fully documenting all such births restricts the list only to the better-known and legitimised.'''''
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
| colspan = 4|'''''By NN, a gardener'''''
|-
|daughter||1660||unknown||She married N de la Queue, a sentry. [http://genealogy.euweb.cz/capet/capet40.html]
|-
| colspan = 4|'''''By [[Louise de La Vallière|Louise de La Baume Le Blanc, duchesse de La Vallière et de Vaujours]] (6 August 1644 – 6 June 1710)'''''
|-
|[[Charles de La Baume Le Blanc|Charles]]||19 December 1663||15 July 1665 (aged 1)||Not legitimised.
|-
|[[Philippe de La Baume Le Blanc|Philippe]]||7 January 1665||1666 (aged 1)||Not legitimised.
|-
|[[Marie Anne de Bourbon|Marie Anne de Bourbon, ''Mademoiselle de Blois'', duchesse de La Vallière, princesse de Conti]] || 2 October 1666|| 3 May 1739 (aged 73)||Legitimised on 14 May 1667. Married [[Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti|Louis Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti]].
|-
| [[Louis, Count of Vermandois|Louis de Bourbon, comte de Vermandois]]||3 October 1667||18 November 1683 (aged 16)||Legitimised on 20 February 1669. Held the office of [[Admiral of France]].
|-
| colspan = 4|'''''By [[Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan|Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, marquise de Montespan]] (5 October 1641 – 27 May 1707)'''''
|-
| [[Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1669-1672)|Louise Françoise de Bourbon]] || at the end of March, 1669 || 23 February 1672 (aged 2) ||
|-
| [[Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine|Louis Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine]] || 31 March 1670||14 May 1736 (aged 66)|| Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Held numerous offices, of which: [[Maison du Roi|Colonel-Général des Suisses et des Grisons]], Governor of [[Languedoc]], Général des [[Galley|Galères]], and [[Grand Master of Artillery|Grand-Maître de l'Artillerie]]. Was also duc d'Aumale, comte d'Eu and prince de Dombes. Had issue. Founder of the [[Bourbon du Maine|House of Bourbon-du Maine]].
|-
| [[Louis César, Count of Vexin|Louis César de Bourbon, comte de Vexin, abbé de Saint-Denis et de Saint-Germain-des-Prés]]|| 20 June 1672 || 10 January 1683 (aged 11)||Legitimised on 20 December 1673.
|-
| [[Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1673–1743)|Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ''Mademoiselle de Nantes'', duchesse de Bourbon, princesse de Condé]]||1 June 1673||16 June 1743||Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Married [[Louis III, Prince of Condé|Louis de Bourbon, duc d'Enghien, (later duc de Bourbon, and then prince de Condé)]]. Had issue.
|-
| [[Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon|Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon, ''Mademoiselle de Tours'']] ||12 November 1674||15 September 1681 (aged 6)||Legitimised in January 1676.
|-
| [[Françoise Marie de Bourbon|Françoise Marie de Bourbon, ''Mademoiselle de Blois'', duchesse d'Orléans]]||9 February 1677||1 February 1749||Legitimised in November 1681. Married [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe d'Orléans, duc de Chartres, (later duc d'Orléans)]], the [[Régence|Regent of France]] under Louis XV. Had issue.
|-
| [[Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse|Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse]] ||6 June 1678||1 December 1737 (aged 59)||Legitimised on 22 November 1681. Held numerous offices, of which: [[Admiral of France]], Governor of [[Guyenne]], Governor of [[Brittany]], and [[Grand Huntsman of France|Grand-Veneur de France]]. Was also duc de Damville, de Rambouillet et de Penthièvre. Had issue.
|-
| colspan = 4|'''''by [[Claude de Vin des Œillets|Claude de Vin, Mademoiselle des Œillets]] (1637 – 18 May 1687)'''''
|-
|[[Louise de Maisonblanche]]||''c''. 17 June 1676||12 September 1718 (aged 42)||In 1696 she married Bernard de Prez, Baron de La Queue. [http://roglo.eu/roglo?lang=es;i=337437]
|-
| colspan = 4|'''''by [[Angélique de Fontanges|Angélique de Scorailles]], Duchesse de Fontanges (1661 – 28 June 1681)'''''
|-
|son||1681||1681 (died as infant)||
|}
</div></div>
 
==In fiction==
[[Alexandre Dumas]] portrayed Louis in novels, first as a child in ''[[Twenty Years After]]'', then as a young man in ''[[The Vicomte de Bragelonne]]'', in which he is a central character. French academic Jean-Yves Tadié argued that the latter novel really revolves around the beginning of Louis's personal rule.<ref>J-Y Tadié's annotations to ''The Vicomte de Bragelonne'', Gallimard, 1997</ref> Dumas's novel ''[[The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later|The Man in the Iron Mask]]'' recounts the legend that the mysterious prisoner was actually Louis's twin brother and has spawned numerous [[The Man in the Iron Mask (film)|film adaptations]].
 
In 1910, the American historical novelist [[Charles Major]] wrote ''"The Little King: A Story of the Childhood of King Louis XIV"''. Louis is a major character in the 1959 historical novel ''"Angélique et le Roy"'' ("Angélique and the King"), part of the [[Angelique (series)|Angelique Series]]. The protagonist, a strong-willed lady at Versailles, rejects the King's advances and refuses to become his mistress. A later book, the 1961 ''"Angélique se révolte"'' ("Angélique in Revolt") details the dire consequences of her defying this powerful monarch.
 
A character based on Louis plays an important role in ''[[The Age of Unreason]]'', a series of four [[alternate history]] novels written by American science fiction and [[fantasy]] author [[Gregory Keyes]].
 
While [[The Taking of Power by Louis XIV]], directed by [[Roberto Rossellini]] in 1966, shows Louis's rise to power after the death of [[Cardinal Mazarin]], [[Le Roi Danse]] (The King Dances), directed by [[Gérard Corbiau]] in 2000, reveals Louis through the eyes of [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], his court musician. Julian Sands portrayed Louis in Roland Jaffe's [[Vatel (film)|Vatel]] in 2000.
 
Louis features significantly in [[Neal Stephenson]]'s [[Baroque Cycle]], specifically ''[[The Confusion (novel)|The Confusion]]'', the greater part of which takes place at Versailles.
 
In the ''39 Clues'' series universe, it has been noted that Louis was part of the Cahill branch, Tomas.
 
The 15-year-old Louis XIV, as played by the Irish actor [[Robert Sheehan]], was a major character of the short-lived historical fantasy series ''[[Young Blades]]'' from January to June 2005.
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==Further reading==
* Ashley, Maurice P. ''Louis XIV And The Greatness Of France'' (1965) [http://www.amazon.com/Louis-Greatness-France-Maurice-Ashley/dp/0029010802/ref=sr_1_22?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467644&sr=1-22 excerpt and text search]
* Beik, William. ''Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Louis-XIV-Absolutism-Documents-Bedford/dp/031213309X/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]
* Beik, William. "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration." ''Past & Present'' 2005 (188): 195–224. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/past_and_present/v188/188.1beik.html online at [[Project MUSE]]]
*Bluche, François, ''Louis XIV'', (Franklin Watts, 1990)
*[[Veronica Buckley|Buckley, Veronica]]. ''Madame de Maintenon: The Secret Wife of Louis XIV''. London: Bloomsbury, 2008
* Burke, Peter. ''The Fabrication of Louis XIV'' (1994) [http://www.amazon.com/Fabrication-Louis-XIV-Peter-Burke/dp/0300059434/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search]
* ''Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 5 The Age Of Louis XIV'' (1908), old, solid articles by scholars; [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html#cmh1 complete text online]
* Campbell, Peter Robert. ''Louis XIV, 1661–1715'' (London, 1993)
* Church, William F., ed. ''The Greatness of Louis XIV''. (1972).
* Cowart, Georgia J. ''The Triumph of Pleasure: Louis XIV and the Politics of Spectacle'' (U of Chicago Press, 2008) 299 pp; focus on opera and ballet
* [[Vincent Cronin|Cronin, Vincent]]. ''Louis XIV''. London: HarperCollins, 1996 (ISBN 0002720728)
* Dunlop, Ian. ''Louis XIV'' (2000), 512pp [http://www.amazon.com/Louis-XIV-Ian-Dunlop/dp/0312261969/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
*Erlanger, Philippe, ''Louis XIV'' (Praeger 1970)
*Fraser, Antonia. ''Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King''. London: Weidenfeld&nbsp;& Nicolson, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-297-82997-1); New York: Nan A. Talese, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-385-50984-7)
* Goubert, Pierre. ''Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen'' (1972), social history from [[Annales School]]
* Jones, Colin. ''The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon (1715–1799)'' (2002)
* Lewis, W. H. ''The Splendid Century: Life in the France of Louis XIV'' (1953) [http://www.amazon.com/Splendid-Century-Life-France-Louis/dp/0881339210/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/read/6019084 online complete edition]
* Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. ''The Ancien Regime: A History of France 1610–1774'' (1999), survey by leader of the [[Annales School]] [http://www.amazon.com/Ancien-Regime-History-France-1610/dp/0631211969/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202469887&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Lynn, John A. ''The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Wars-Louis-1667-1714-Modern-Perspective/dp/0582056292/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* Mitford, Nancy. ''The Sun King'' (1995), popular [http://www.amazon.com/Sun-King-Nancy-Mitford/dp/0140239677/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Nolan, Cathal J. ''Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization'' . (2008) 607pp; over 1000 entries; ISBN 978-0-313-33046-9
* Rowlands, Guy. ''The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV: Royal Service and Private Interest, 1661–1701'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/105134626 online edition]
*Rubin, David Lee, ed. ''Sun King: The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XIV''. Washington: Folger Books and Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 1992.
* Shennan, J. H. ''Louis XIV'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/read/108828773 online edition]
*Thompson, Ian. ''The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles''. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 ISBN 1-58234-631-3
* Treasure, Geoffrey. ''Louis XIV'' (London, 2001).
* Wilkinson, Rich. ''Louis XIV'' (2007)
* Wolf, John B. ''Louis XIV'' (1968), the standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/read/103250721 online edition]
 
==Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι==
{{commons|Louis XIV of France}}
* [http://www.louis-xiv.de/ "Louis XIV."]
* [http://sinisterfrog.com/writings/louis-xiv "Music and politics in the court of Louis XIV"]
*[http://www.datesofhistory.com/Louis-XIV-France.biog.html Chronology Louis XIV] {{Dead link|date=September 2011}}
*[http://www.smae.diplomatie.gouv.fr/choiseul/ressource/pdf/D16590004.pdf Full text of marriage contract] ([[PDF]]), France National Archives transcription {{fr icon}}
*[http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/00Table/14Loui14.html "''Le siècle de Louis XIV''"] by [[Voltaire]], 1751
*List of films dedicated to Louis XIV and period ({{cite web|url=http://www.louis-xiv.de/index.php?t=films&a=films |title=Louis XIV – the Sun King: Louis XIV – the Sun King |publisher=Louis-xiv.de |accessdate=31 August 2008}}) Of particular interest: Documentary on Versailles—The Visit.
*[http://www.archive.org/details/StoryOfCiv08_AgeOfLouisXIV ''The Story of Civilization VIII: The Age of Louis XIV''] online ebook by historians [[Will Durant]] and [[Ariel Durant]].
*[http://www.history.com/topics/louis-xiv Louis XIV]
*http://genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00000061&tree=LEO
 
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bourbon]]|5 September|1638|1 September|1715|[[Capetian dynasty]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|πριν=[[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]}}
{{s-ttl|τίτλος=[[List of French monarchs|King of France and Navarre]]|years=14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715}}
{{s-aft|μετά=[[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-roy|fr}}
{{S-bef|πριν=[[Louis XIII of France|Louis]]}}
{{s-ttl|τίτλος=[[Dauphin of France]]|years=5 September 1638 – 14 May 1643}}
{{s-aft|μετά=[[Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711)|Louis<br /><small>"le Grand Dauphin"</small>]]}}
{{s-end}}
 
 
 
 
{{Οίκος των Βουρβόνων (Γαλλία)}}
{{Μονάρχες της Γαλλίας}}
 
{{Authority control|LCCN=n/80/051801}}
 
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis 14 Of France}}
[[Κατηγορία:Γεννήσεις το 1638]]
[[Category:Θάνατοι το 1715]]
[[Category:Οίκος των Βουρβόνων]]
[[Category:Μονάρχες της Γαλλίας]]
 
{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|eo}}
{{Link FA|es}}
{{Link GA|ja}}
 
[[af:Lodewyk XIV van Frankryk]]
[[ang:Hloþƿiȝ XIV Franclandes]]
[[ar:لويس الرابع عشر ملك فرنسا]]
[[an:Loís XIV de Francia]]
[[be:Людовік XIV]]
[[be-x-old:Людовік XIV]]
[[bg:Луи XIV]]
[[bs:Luj XIV, kralj Francuske]]
[[br:Loeiz XIV (Bro-C'hall)]]
[[ca:Lluís XIV de França]]
[[cs:Ludvík XIV.]]
[[co:Luigi XIV di Francia]]
[[cy:Louis XIV, brenin Ffrainc]]
[[da:Ludvig 14. af Frankrig]]
[[de:Ludwig XIV.]]
[[en:Louis XIV of France]]
[[et:Louis XIV]]
[[es:Luis XIV de Francia]]
[[eo:Ludoviko la 14-a (Francio)]]
[[eu:Luis XIV.a Frantziakoa]]
[[fa:لوئی چهاردهم]]
[[hif:Louis XIV of France]]
[[fr:Louis XIV de France]]
[[fy:Loadewyk XIV fan Frankryk]]
[[ga:Louis XIV na Fraince]]
[[gl:Luís XIV de Francia]]
[[ko:루이 14세]]
[[hy:Լյուդովիկոս XIV]]
[[hr:Luj XIV., kralj Francuske]]
[[io:Louis 14ma]]
[[id:Louis XIV dari Perancis]]
[[is:Loðvík 14.]]
[[it:Luigi XIV di Francia]]
[[he:לואי הארבעה עשר, מלך צרפת]]
[[ka:ლუი XIV (საფრანგეთი)]]
[[sw:Louis XIV wa Ufaransa]]
[[ku:Louis XIV.]]
[[la:Ludovicus XIV]]
[[lv:Luijs XIV]]
[[lb:Louis XIV. vu Frankräich]]
[[lt:Liudvikas XIV]]
[[li:Lewie XIV vaan Fraankriek]]
[[hu:XIV. Lajos francia király]]
[[mk:Луј XIV]]
[[ml:ലൂയി പതിനാലാമൻ]]
[[mr:चौदावा लुई, फ्रान्स]]
[[arz:لويس الاربعتاشر ملك فرنسا]]
[[ms:Louis XIV dari Perancis]]
[[nl:Lodewijk XIV van Frankrijk]]
[[ja:ルイ14世 (フランス王)]]
[[no:Ludvig XIV av Frankrike]]
[[nn:Ludvig XIV av Frankrike]]
[[oc:Loís XIV de França]]
[[pnb:لوئی چودواں]]
[[pms:Luis XIV ëd Fransa]]
[[pl:Ludwik XIV]]
[[pt:Luís XIV de França]]
[[ro:Ludovic al XIV-lea al Franței]]
[[qu:Louis XIV]]
[[rue:Людвік XIV Французьскый]]
[[ru:Людовик XIV]]
[[sq:Luigji XIV]]
[[scn:Luiggi XIV di Francia]]
[[simple:Louis XIV of France]]
[[sk:Ľudovít XIV.]]
[[sl:Ludvik XIV. Francoski]]
[[sr:Луј XIV]]
[[sh:Luj XIV]]
[[fi:Ludvig XIV]]
[[sv:Ludvig XIV av Frankrike]]
[[tl:Louis XIV ng Pransya]]
[[ta:பிரான்சின் பதினான்காம் லூயி]]
[[th:พระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 14 แห่งฝรั่งเศส]]
[[tr:XIV. Louis]]
[[uk:Людовик XIV (король Франції)]]
[[vi:Louis XIV của Pháp]]
[[fiu-vro:Louis XIV]]
[[vls:Lodewyk XIV]]
[[war:Louis XIV han Fransya]]
[[yi:לואי דער פערצנטער]]
[[yo:Louis 14k ilẹ̀ Fránsì]]
[[zh-yue:路易十四世]]
[[bat-smg:Liodvėks XIV]]
[[zh:路易十四]]
--!>
Ανακτήθηκε από "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Χρήστης:Ιων/αμμοδοχείο"