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{{Infobox mountain
| name = Sakurajima
| photo = Sakurajima55.jpg
| photo_caption = View of Sakurajima from mainland Kagoshima.
| elevation_m = 1117
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| location = [[Kagoshima]], [[Japan]]
| map = Japan
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| label = Sakurajima
| label_position =
| lat_d = 31
| lat_m = 35
| lat_s =
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 130
| long_m = 39
| long_s =
| long_EW = E
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|35|N|130|39|E|type:mountain}}
| topo =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age =
| last_eruption = 2010
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
[[Image:Sakurajima Landsat image.jpg|thumb|285px|[[Landsat]] satellite image of Sakurajima volcano]]
{{nihongo|'''Sakurajima'''|桜島|}}, also romanized as ''Sakurashima'' or ''Sakura-jima'',<ref>[[:File:Kagoshima 1914.jpg|photo, caption -- Kagoshima after Sakurashima eruption]], ''Illustrated London News.'' January 1914.</ref> is an active [[composite volcano]] ([[stratovolcano]]) and a former [[island]] (now connected to the mainland) of the same name in [[Kagoshima Prefecture]] in [[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]]. The [[lava]] flows of the 1914 eruption caused the former island to be connected with the [[Osumi Peninsula]].<ref>Davison, C. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v98/n2447/pdf/098057b0.pdf "The Sakura-Jima Eruption of January, 1914,"] ''Nature.'' 98:57-58 (21 September 1916) | doi:10.1038/098057b0; ''Illustrated London News.'' January 24, 1914.</ref>
The volcanic activity still continues, dropping large amounts of [[volcanic ash]] on the surroundings. Earlier eruptions built the white sands highlands in the region.
Sakurajima is a composite mountain. Its [[Summit (topography)|summit]] is split into three peaks, ''Kitadake'' (northern peak), ''Nakadake'' (central peak) and ''Minamidake'' (southern peak) which is active now.
Today's {{nihongo|north Peak|北岳|Kitadake}} is Sakurajima's highest, rising to {{convert|1117|m|sigfig=4}} above [[sea level]]. The mountain is located in a part of Kagoshima Bay known as {{nihongo|Kinkō Bay|錦江湾|Kinkōwan}}. The former island is part of the [[Municipality of Japan|city]] of [[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]]. The surface of this volcanic peninsula is about {{convert|77|km2}}.
==Geological history==
Sakurajima is located in the [[Aira caldera]], formed in an enormous eruption 22,000 years ago.<ref name="VOWO">{{cite web |url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/vw_hyperexchange/sakura-jima.html |title=The 1914 Sakurajima explosion at Volcanoworld |accessdate=2007-08-03}}</ref> Several hundred [[cubic kilometre]]s of [[Volcanic ash|ash]] and [[pumice]] were ejected, causing the [[magma chamber]] underneath the erupting vents to collapse. The resulting caldera is over {{convert|20|km}} across. [[Tephra]] fell as far as {{convert|1000|km}} from the volcano. Sakurajima is a modern active vent of the same Aira caldera volcano.
Sakurajima was formed by later activity within the caldera, beginning about 13,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.activolcans.info/fiche.php?NomVolcan=Sakurajima|title=Sakurajima at Activolcan.info |accessdate=2007-08-03 |format= |work= }} '''French'''</ref> It lies about {{convert|8|km|sigfig=1}} south of the centre of the caldera. Its first eruption in recorded history occurred in 963 AD.<ref name="VOWO2">{{cite web |url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/volcanoes/volc_images/north_asia/sakura.html|title=Sakura-jima, Japan |work=VolcanoWorld |publisher=Oregon State University |accessdate=2008-10-12}}</ref> Most of its eruptions are [[strombolian]],<ref name="VOWO2"/> affecting only the summit areas, but larger [[plinian]] eruptions have occurred in 1471–1476, 1779–1782 and 1914.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/unzen/sakura/geol.html|title=Sakurajima at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo.|accessdate=2007-08-03}}</ref>
Volcanic activity at ''Kitadake'' ended around 4,900 years ago: subsequent eruptions have been centered on ''Minamidake''.<ref>
{{cite gvp
| vnum = 0802-08=
| name = Sakura-jima
| accessdate = 2007-08-04 }}</ref>
==1914 eruption==
[[Image:Kagoshima 1914.jpg|thumb|left|190px|The city of Kagoshima was covered by deep ash during the 1914 eruption of the Sakurajima volcano, in the distance across the bay.]]
The 1914 eruption was the most powerful in twentieth-century Japan. [[Lava flow]]s filled the narrow strait between the island and the mainland, turning it into a peninsula. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914.<ref name="VOWO"/>
The 1914 eruption began on January 11. Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days, in response to several large [[earthquake]]s that warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating [[eruption column]]s and [[pyroclastic flow]]s, but after a very large earthquake on January 13, 1914 which killed 35 people, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow.<ref name="VOWO"/>
Lava flows are rare in Japan—the high [[silica]] content of the [[magma]]s there mean that explosive eruptions are far more common<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jove.geol.niu.edu/students/mdare/VirtualFieldTrip/Mt_Fuji/volcanoinfo.htm|title=Japanese Volcanoes at the Northern Illinois University|accessdate=2007-08-06 |work= }}</ref>—but the lava flows at Sakurajima continued for months.<ref name="VOWO"/>
The island grew, engulfing several smaller islands nearby, and eventually becoming connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Parts of [[Kagoshima]] bay became significantly shallower, and tides were affected, becoming higher as a result.<ref name="VOWO"/>
During the final stages of the eruption, the centre of the Aira Caldera sank by about {{convert|60|cm}}, due to subsidence caused by the emptying out of the underlying magma chamber.<ref name="VOWO"/> The fact that the subsidence occurred at the centre of the caldera rather than directly underneath Sakurajima showed that the volcano draws its magma from the same [[wiktionary:reservoir|reservoir]] that fed the ancient caldera-forming eruption.<ref name="VOWO"/> The eruption partly inspired a 1914 movie, ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0004838/ Wrath of the Gods]'', centering around a family curse that ostensibly causes the eruption.
==Current activity==
[[Image:1974 Japan Sakurajima.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Sakurajima eruption in 1974]]
[[Image:sakura-jima from space.jpg|thumb|190px|Space radar image of Sakurajima. The volcano lies within the bay formed by the Aira caldera]]
Sakurajima's activity became more prominent in 1955, and the volcano has been erupting almost constantly ever since. Thousands of small explosions occur each year, throwing ash to heights of up to a few kilometers above the mountain. The Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions.<ref name="VOWO2"/>
Monitoring of the volcano and predictions of large eruptions are particularly important because of its location in a [[population density|densely populated]] area, with the city of Kagoshima's 680,000 residents just a few kilometers from the volcano. The city conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standeyo.com/NEWS/06_Earth_Changes/060605.Sakurajima.html|title=Reuters report on Sakurajima explosion, June 5th 2006|accessdate=2007-08-06 |work= }}</ref>
In light of the dangers it presents to nearby populations, Sakurajima was designated a [[Decade Volcano]] in 1991, identifying it as worthy of particular study as part of the [[United Nations]]' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/unzen/sakura/sakura.html|title=Decade Volcano Sakurajima at the Earthquake Research Institute|accessdate=2007-08-06 |work= }}</ref>
Sakurajima is part of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park, and its lava flows are a major tourist attraction. The area around Sakurajima contains several hot spring resorts. One of the main agricultural products of Sakurajima is a huge basketball-sized white radish (''sakuradaikon'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.synapse.ne.jp/update/whatup/back/sakurajima-e.html|title=Touristic information on synapse.ne.jp|accessdate=2007-08-06 |work= }}</ref>
On March 10, 2009, Sakurajima erupted, sending debris up to 2 km away. An eruption had been expected following a series of smaller explosions over the weekend. It is not thought there was any damage caused by the latest eruption.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7934418.stm]
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sakurajima21.JPG|2004
File:Kagoshima and Sakurajima.jpg|2004
File:Sakurajima at Sunset.jpg|2009
File:Kagoshima-shi-sakurajima-japan- 20100114- 013.jpg|2010
</gallery>
==See also==
{{commonscat|Sakurajima}}
* [[List of volcanoes in Japan]]
* [[Sakurajima daikon]]
*[[Tourism in Japan]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
* Townley, S.D. (1915). [http://books.google.com/books?id=GEgFAAAAYAAJ&dq=Sakurajima&lr=&client=firefox-a&output=text&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Seismographs at the Panama-Pacific Exposition,"] ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.'' Stanford, California: Seismological Society of America. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1604335 OCLC 1604335]
==Further reading==
* Aramaki S. (1984), ''Formation of the Aira Caldera, Southern Kyūshū, ~22,000 years ago'', [[Journal of Geophysical Research]], v. 89, issue B10, p. 8485.
* [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7028702 ''Guide-books of the Excursions: Pan-Pacific Science Congress, 1926, Japan.''] Tokyo: Tokyo Printing Co. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7028702 OCLC 7028702]
==External links==
* [http://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kazan/default_e.html Sakurajima Volcano Research Centre]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7934418.stm Footage of the March 2009 eruption]
{{Decade Volcanoes}}
[[Category:Kagoshima Prefecture]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Kyūshū]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]]
[[Category:Decade Volcanoes]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]]
[[Category:Volcanoes erupting in 2010
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