Χρήστης:Nkouris/πρόχειρο: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 126:
{{Ενσωμάτωση κειμένου|en|Grand Duchy of Tuscany}}
το 1569, ο [[Κόζιμο Α΄ των Μεδίκων|Κόζιμο των Μεδίκων]] είχε κυβερνήσει το δουκάτο της Φλωρεντίας για 32 χρονιά. Κατά τη διάρκεια της βασιλείας του, η Φλωρεντία είχε αγοράσει τη νήσο Έλβα από την δημοκρατία της Γένουας (το 1548),[4] είχε κατακτήσει την Σιένα (το 1555)[5] και είχε αναπτύξει μια καλά εξοπλισμένη ναύτη βάση στην Έλβα. Ο Κόζιμο ακόμα είχε απαγορεύσει στους κληρικούς την κατοχή διοικητικών θέσεων και διακήρυξε νόμο για την ανεξιθρησκία, κάτι ανήκουστο για την εποχή του.[6] Ο Κόζιμο ακόμα ήταν ένας μεγάλος υποστητηκτης του παππα πιου ε, ο οποίος τον Αύγουστο του 1569 κήρυξε τον Κόζιμο μέγα δουλκα της Τοσκάνης, έναν πρωτοφανή τίτλο για την Ιταλία.[4]
[4] In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa (in 1548),[4] conquered Siena (in 1555)[5] and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time.[6] Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy.[4]
The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain.[7] Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England.[8] Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and King Philip II of Spain reacting quite angrily, as Florence was an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. However, Maximilian eventually confirmed the elevation with an Imperial diploma in 1576.[9]
During the Holy League of 1571, Cosimo fought against the Ottoman Empire, siding with the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy League inflicted a crushing defeat against the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto.[10] Cosimo's reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen.
Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. This left his eldest son, Francesco, to rule the duchy. Cosimo I died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet.[11]
Ιστορικό υπόβαθρο
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