Κατάθλιψη: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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Αναίρεση έκδοσης 5221580 από τον DimDimellis (Συζήτηση)
Γραμμή 36:
== Θεραπείες κατάθλιψης ==
{{Ελλείψεις}}
* [[Αντικαταθλιπτικά]]: Αναστολείς επαναπρόσληψης της [[σεροτονίνη]]ς (SSRIs)(με αμφισβητητικό εάν δουλεύουν<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moncrieff|first=J.|title=Efficacy of antidepressants in adults|journal=BMJ|date=16 July 2005|volume=331|issue=7509|pages=155–157|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7509.155}}</ref>)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kirsch|first=Irving|title=Yes, there is a placebo effect, but is there a powerful antidepressant drug effect?|journal=Prevention & Treatment|date=1 January 2002|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.522i|url=http://alphachoices.com/repository/assets/pdf/EmperorsNewDrugs.pdf}}</ref> ,με πολλές παρενέργειες<ref>Breggin, P. (2003/2004). Suicidality, violence and mania caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): A review and analysis. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 16, 31–49.{{cite journal|url=http://www.breggin.com/31-49.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Αντικαταθλιπτικά]]: Η πρώτη αντικαταθλιπτική ουσία που διατέθηκε ήταν η Ιμιπραμίνη στη δεκαετία του '50 ανοίγοντας έναν δρόμο στη φαρμακοθεραπεία των διαταραχών της διάθεσης με μια κατηγορία (την πρώτη) αντικαταθλιπτικών που ονομάστηκαν τρικυκλικά αντικαταθλιπτικά, κάτι που αντανακλούσε τη χημική τους δομή. Λίγο αργότερα εμφανίστηκαν οι αναστολείς της μονοαμινοοξειδάσης (MAOIs) φάρμακα με εντελώς διαφορετικό μηχανισμό δράσης. Πιο πρόσφατα (στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του '80) διατέθηκε ο πρώτος Εκλεκτικός Αναστολέας Επαναπρόσληψης Σεροτονίνης (SSRI) η Φλουοξετίνη για να ακολουθήσουν μια σειρά από φάρμακα της κατηγορίας αυτής στα επόμενα χρόνια (Παροξετίνη, Σιταλοπράμη, Σερτραλίνη, Φλουβοξαμίνη, S-σιταλοπράμη). Η αμέσως επόμενη κατηγορία αντικαταθλιπτικών που διατέθηκαν ήταν οι Αναστολείς Επαναπρόσληψης Σεροτονίνης & Νορεπινεφρίνης (SNRIs) με κυριότερους εκπροσώπους την Βενλαφαξίνη & την Ντουλοξετίνη καθώς και μια σειρά από άτυπα αντικαταθλιπτικά που δύσκολα ομαδοποιούνται σε μια κοινή κατηγορία καθώς δεν έχουν έναν ενιαίο τρόπο δράσης: Μιρταζαπίνη, Βουπροπιόνη, Αγκομελατίνη.
<ref>Whitaker, R. (2005). Anatomy of an epidemic: Psychiatric drugs and the astonishing rise of mental illness in America. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 23-35.{{cite journal|url=http://freedom-center.org/pdf/anatomy_of_epidemic_whitaker_psych_drugs.pdf}}</ref> και με τους γιατρούς να παραπλανούν το κοινό<ref>{{cite book|last=Valenstein|first=Elliot S.|title=Blaming the brain : the truth about drugs and mental health|year=2000|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0743237871}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lacasse|first=Jeffrey R.|coauthors=Leo, Jonathan|title=Serotonin and Depression: A Disconnect between the Advertisements and the Scientific Literature|journal=PLoS Medicine|date=1 January 2005|volume=2|issue=12|pages=e392|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020392}}</ref> ,αναστολείς της μονοαμινοοξειδάσης (MAOIs), τρικυκλικα
 
* [[Ψυχοθεραπεία]] (Γνωσιακή - συμπεριφοριακή ψυχοθεραπεία)
* [[Ηλεκτροσπασμοθεραπεία]] (ECT)
Γραμμή 69:
Για μια πιο συστηματική υποστήριξη των ατόμων με κατάθλιψη, υπάρχει ανάγκη συνδυασμού της άσκησης με άλλες μορφές θεραπείας, όπως είναι οι ομάδες συζήτησης, οι ομάδες αυτο-βοήθειας ή άλλες γνωστικές θεραπείες. Ίσως, μερικά ψυχολογικά προβλήματα, όπως αυτά που σχετίζονται με την κατάθλιψη να χρειάζονται απλά, μια εσωτερική ενεργοποίηση από τα άτομα, για να μετριασθούν. Η άσκηση και η συμμετοχή σε φυσικές δραστηριότητες προσφέρουν αυτή την ενεργοποίηση. Η δυσκολία, βέβαια, για τα άτομα με κατάθλιψη, είναι να πεισθούν για την αξία της άσκησης. Και επειδή, όλες οι μορφές άσκησης έχουν μέσα τους το στοιχείο του παιγνιδιού της διασκέδασης και της εκτόνωσης, από τη στιγμή που θα αρχίσουν να γυμνάζονται, επικοινωνούν με άλλους, ενεργοποιούνται πνευματικά και σωματικά, αντιλαμβάνονται αλλαγές στο σώμα τους και τη διάθεσή τους.<ref>Θεοδωράκης, Γ. (2010). Άσκηση, ψυχική υγεία και ποιότητα ζωής. Θεσσαλονίκη. Εκδόσεις Χριστοδουλίδη</ref>
 
== Κατάθλιψη και Διατροφή ==
== Παραπομπές ==
Έρευνες έχουν δείξει ότι υπάρχει σχέση του τρόπου διατροφής<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez-Villegas|first=Almudena|title=Association of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern With the Incidence of Depression<subtitle>The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra Follow-up (SUN) Cohort</subtitle><alt-title>Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Depression</alt-title>|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|date=1 October 2009|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1090|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.129}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez-Villegas|first=Almudena|coauthors=Toledo, Estefania; de Irala, Jokin; Ruiz-Canela, Miguel; Pla-Vidal, Jorge; Martínez-González, Miguel A|title=Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression|journal=Public Health Nutrition|date=11 August 2011|volume=15|issue=03|pages=424–432|doi=10.1017/S1368980011001856}}</ref> με την κατάθλιψη. Οι καταθλιπτικοί έχουν έλλειψη από πολλών ειδών βιταμίνες<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tsuboi|first=Hirohito|coauthors=Shimoi, Kayoko; Kinae, Naohide; Oguni, Itaro; Hori, Reiko; Kobayashi, Fumio|title=Depressive symptoms are independently correlated with lipid peroxidation in a female population|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|date=1 January 2004|volume=56|issue=1|pages=53–58|doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00567-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Maes, M. Lower serum vitamin E concentrations in major depression Another marker of lowered antioxidant defenses in that illness. Journal of Affective Disorders , Volume 58 , Issue 3 , Pages 241 – 246.|doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00121-4}}</ref>(λόγω πολλών στρεσογόνων ορμονών που τις καταστρέφουν), και κυρίως διατροφή με υψηλά σάκχαρα<ref name="Peet 404–408">{{cite journal|last=Peet|first=M.|title=International variations in the outcome of schizophrenia and the prevalence of depression in relation to national dietary practices: an ecological analysis|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|date=1 May 2004|volume=184|issue=5|pages=404–408|doi=10.1192/bjp.184.5.404|url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/5/404.full.pdf+html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Colantuoni|first=Carlo|coauthors=Rada, Pedro; McCarthy, Joseph; Patten, Caroline; Avena, Nicole M.; Chadeayne, Andrew; Hoebel, Bartley G.|title=Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence|journal=Obesity|date=1 June 2002|volume=10|issue=6|pages=478–488|doi=10.1038/oby.2002.66|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2002.66/pdf}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenoir|first=Magalie|coauthors=Serre, Fuschia; Cantin, Lauriane; Ahmed, Serge H.; Baune, Bernhard|title=Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward|journal=PLoS ONE|date=1 August 2007|volume=2|issue=8|pages=e698|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000698}}</ref> ,με πολλούς καφέδες (λόγω της καφείνης)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=MA|coauthors=Flegel, P; Greden, JF; Cameron, OG|title=Anxiogenic effects of caffeine on panic and depressed patients.|journal=The American journal of psychiatry|date=1988 May|volume=145|issue=5|pages=632-5|pmid=3358468|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=165045}}</ref>,τα άτομα που καταναλώνουν πολλά γαλακτοκομικά<ref name="Peet 404–408"/> και με υπερβολική κατανάλωση αλκοόλ<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=SA|coauthors=Schuckit, MA|title=Changes in depression among abstinent alcoholics.|journal=Journal of studies on alcohol|date=1988 Sep|volume=49|issue=5|pages=412-7|pmid=3216643|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2962747/pdf/IJPsy-42-434.pdf}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Worthington|first=John|coauthors=Fava, Maurizio; Agustin, Christina; Alpert, Jonathan; Nierenberg, Andrew A.; Pava, Joel A.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F.|title=Consumption of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine Among Depressed Outpatients|journal=Psychosomatics|date=1 November 1996|volume=37|issue=6|pages=518–522|doi=10.1016/S0033-3182(96)71515-3|pmid=8942202}}</ref>
<ref>S . Gilman. A longitudinal study of the order of onset of alcohol dependence and major depression. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , Volume 63 , Issue 3 , Pages 277 – 286</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rehm|first=Jurgen|coauthors=Room, Robin; Graham, Kathryn; Monteiro, Maristela; Gmel, Gerhard; Sempos, Christopher T.|title=The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: an overview|journal=Addiction|date=1 September 2003|volume=98|issue=9|pages=1209–1228|doi=10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00467.x}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Oslin|first=David W.|coauthors=Katz, Ira R.; Edell, William S.; Ten Have, Thomas R.|title=Effects of Alcohol Consumption on the Treatment of Depression Among Elderly Patients|journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry|date=1 June 2000|volume=8|issue=3|pages=215–220|doi=10.1097/00019442-200008000-00006}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davidson|first=KM|title=Diagnosis of depression in alcohol dependence: changes in prevalence with drinking status.|journal=The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science|date=1995 Feb|volume=166|issue=2|pages=199-204|pmid=7728364 [}}</ref>. Επίσης έχει παρατηρηθεί ότι τα άτομα με κατάθλιψη έχουν πιο χαμηλή χοληστερίνη<ref>Cadeddu, G., et al. Relationship between cholesterol levels and depression in the elderly. Minerva Med. 86:251-256, 1995.</ref>
<ref>Davidson, K. W., et al. Increases in depression after cholesterol-lowering drug treatment. Behav Med. 22(2):82-84, 1996.</ref>
<ref name="Colin, A. 2003">Colin, A., et al. [Lipids, depression and suicide]. Encephale. 29(Part 1):49-58, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Kaplan. Psychosom Med. 56:479-84, 1994.</ref>
<ref>Lee, H. J., et al. Serum lipid levels and suicide attempts. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 108(3):215-221, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Sarchiapone, M., et al. Further evidence for low serum cholesterol and suicidal behaviour. J Affect Disord. 61(1-2):69-71, 2000.</ref>
<ref>Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2000; 23: 519-529, 2000.</ref>
<ref>Kim, Y., et al. Meeting of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Prague. 2003.</ref>
<ref>Dzugan, S. A. Is low cholesterol dangerous? Life Extension. December 2004.</ref>
<ref>Mercola, J. Low cholesterol causes aggressive behavior and depression. Optimal Wellness Center’s eHealthy News You Can Use. 188, 2001.</ref> από το κανονικό,η μεσογειακή διατροφή είναι αρκετά αποτελεσματική (λόγο πλούσιο ελαιόλαδο<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez-Villegas|first=Almudena|coauthors=Verberne, Lisa; De Irala, Jokin; Ruíz-Canela, Miguel; Toledo, Estefanía; Serra-Majem, Lluis; Martínez-González, Miguel Angel; Brennan, Lorraine|title=Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Depression: The SUN Project|journal=PLoS ONE|date=26 January 2011|volume=6|issue=1|pages=e16268|doi=doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016268}}</ref> , και ιχθυέλαιο (Ω-3)<ref name="Adams, P. 1996">Adams, P., et al. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids. 31(Supplement):S157-S161, 1996.</ref>
<ref>Carlezon, W. A., Jr., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of uridine and omega-3 fatty acids are potentiated by combined treatment in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 57(4):343-350, 2005.</ref>
<ref name="Edwards, R. 1998">Edwards, R., et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 48(2-3):149-155, 1998.</ref>
<ref name="ReferenceA">Edwards, R., et al. Depletion of docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biochem Soc Trans. 26:S142, 1998.</ref>
<ref name="Hibbeln, J. 1995">Hibbeln, J., et al. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: when cholesterol does not satisfy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 62:1-9, 1995.</ref>
<ref name="Maes, M. 1996">Maes, M., et al. Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased omega 3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20: 4 omega 6/C20:5 omega 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J Affect Disord. 38(1):35-46, 1996.</ref>
<ref name="Peet, M. 1998">Peet, M., et al. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry. 43(5):315-319, 1998.</ref>
<ref name="Monograph 2000">Monograph: fish oil. Alternative Medicine Review. 5(6), 2000.</ref>
<ref name="Harv Ment Health Lett 2001">Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depression. Harv Ment Health Lett. 18(4):4-5, 2001.</ref>
<ref name="Conkin, S 2006">Conkin, S. 64th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Psychosomatic Society. Denver,USA. March 1 – 4, 2006.</ref>
<ref name="Edwards, R. 1998"/>
<ref name="ReferenceB">Schmidt, M. A. Smart Fats: How Dietary Fats and Oils Affect Mental, Physical and Emotional Intelligence. Frog Ltd. Berkeley, California, USA. 1997:5.</ref>
<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
<ref name="Conkin, S 2006"/>
<ref name="Monograph 2000"/>
<ref name="Conkin, S 2006"/>
<ref>Frasure-Smith, N., et al. Major depression is associated with lower omega-3 fatty acid levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Biol Psychiatry. 55(9):891-896, 2004.</ref>
<ref name="Mamalakis, G. 2002">Mamalakis, G., et al. Depression and adipose essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 67(5):311-318, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Mamalakis, G., et al. Depression and long chain n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue in adults from Crete. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006.</ref>
<ref>Turner, N., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of membranes determines molecular activity of the sodium pump: implications for disease states and metabolism. Naturwissenschaften. 90(11):521-523, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Orey, C. Mesmerizing memory. Energy Times. 9(1):45-50, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Edwards, R., et al. Depletion of docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biochem Soc Trans. 26:S142, 1998.
Peet, M., et al. A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 59(10):913-919, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Puri, B. K., et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid in treatment-resistant depression associated with symptom remission, structural brain changes and reduced neuronal phospholipid turnover. Int J Clin Pract. 55(8):560-563, 2001.</ref> και κυρίως λαδερά ψάρια (σαρδέλες)
<ref name="Edwards, R. 1998"/>
<ref name="ReferenceC">Edwards, R., et al. Depletion of docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biochem Soc Trans. 26(2):S142, 1998.</ref>
<ref>Naliwaiko, K., et al. Effects of fish oil on the central nervous system: a new potential antidepressant? Nutritional Neuroscience. 7(2):91-99, 2004</ref>
οπού συσχετίζετε με την διατροφή.
 
Υπαρχουν ακομα αρκετά βότανα οπου έχουν δείξει ότι έχουν αντικαταθλιπτική δράση όπως Ashwagandha
<ref>Bhattacharya, S. K., et al. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 7(6):463-469, 2000.</ref>
<ref>Badmaev, V. Adaptogens and the immune system. Nutrimed.com Newsletter.</ref>,Brahmi
<ref>Sairam, K., et al. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine. 9(3):207-211, 2002.</ref>,Camu-Camu,Cat’s Claw,Damiana,Ginkgo Biloba
<ref>Cieza, A., et al. [The effect of ginkgo biloba on healthy elderly subjects.] Fortschr Med Orig. 121(1):5-10, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Gaby, A. R. Ginkgo biloba extract: a review. Alt Med Rev. 1(4):236-242, 1996.</ref>
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<ref>Schubert, H., et al. Depressive episode primarily unresponsive to therapy in elderly patients: Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in combination with antidepressants. Geratr Forsch. 3:45-53, 1993.</ref>
<ref>Monograph: Ginkgo biloba dry leaves (dry extract). Bundesanzieger. June 21, 1994.</ref>
<ref>Granstrom Jordan, K. Ginkgo biloba: a treasure from the past. Life Extension. 6(5), 2000.</ref>,Golden Root
<ref>Clinical case studies: R. rosea. HerbalGram. 56:48, 2002.</ref>
<ref>LaValle, J. B. Stress: the hidden factor for weight gain. Nutrition Science News. April 2001.</ref>,Gotu Kola
<ref>Chen, Y., et al. [Effect of total triterpenes from Centella asiatica on the depression behavior and concentration of amino acid in forced swimming mice] Zhong Yao Cai. 26(12):870-873, 2003.</ref>,Horny Goat Weed
<ref>Pan, Y., et al. Antidepressant-like effect of icariin and its possible mechanism in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005.</ref>,Korean Ginseng <ref name="Bone, K 1991">Bone, K. Medicinal plants: effects on mental function and performance. Mediherb Professional Newsletter. January 1991.</ref>,Licorice
<ref>Dhingra, D., et al. Antidepressant-like activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in mouse models of immobility tests. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006.</ref>,Magnolia <ref>Nakazawa, T., et al. Metabolites of orally administered Magnolia officinalis extract in rats and man and its antidepressant-like effects in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol . 55(11):1583-1591, 2003.</ref>,Marapuama,Noni
<ref>Wang, M. Y., et al. Morinda citrifolia (Noni): a literature review and recent advances in Noni research. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 23(12):1127-1141, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Zhang, Z. Q., et al. The effect of Morinda officinalis How, a Chinese traditional medicinal plant, on the DRL 72-s schedule in rats and the forced swimming test in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 72(1-2):39-43, 2002.</ref><ref>Miners, S. Diabetes, arthritis, cancer and noni. Well Being Journal. 8(3):10-11, 1999.</ref><ref>Noni from Hawaii: multi-functional extract. LifeLink Product Catalog. 2001:20.</ref>,Passion Flower,Saint John's Wort <ref>Bach-Rojecky, L., et al. The antidepressant activity of Hypericum perforatum L. measured by two experimental methods on mice. Acta Pharm. 54(2):157-162, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Behnke, K., et al. Hypericum perforatum versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Adv Ther. 19(1):43-52, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Ernst, E. St. John’s Wort, an anti-depressant? A systemic, criteria-based review. Phytomedicine. 2:6771, 1995.</ref>
<ref>Findling, R. L., et al. An open-label pilot study of St. John's wort in juvenile depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 42(8):908-914, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Gastpar, M., et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of a once-daily dosage of Hypericum extract STW3-VI and citalopram in patients with moderate depression: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 39(2):66-75, 2006.</ref>
<ref>Harrer, G. et al. Treatment of mild/moderate depressions with hypericum. Phytomedicine. 1:3-8, 1994.</ref>
<ref>Lecrubier, Y., et al. Efficacy of St. John’s wort extract WS 5570 in major depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 159:1361-1366, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Linde, K., et al. St. John’s wort for depression - an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. British Medical Journal. 313(7052)”253-258, 1996.</ref>
<ref>Mennini, T., et al. The antidepressant mechanism of Hypericum perforatum. Life Sciences. 75(9):1021-1027, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Miller, A. L. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum): clinical effects on depression and other conditions. Altern Med Rev. 3(1):18-26, 1998.</ref>
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<ref>Perovic, S., et al. Pharmacologic profile of hypericum extract. Effect of serotonin uptake by postsynaptic receptors. Arzneimittelforschung. 45(11):1145-1148, 1995.</ref>
<ref>Philipp, M., et al. Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: randomised multicentre study of treatment for eight weeks. British Medical Journal. 319:1534-1538, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Reichert, R. St. John’s Wort extract as a tricyclic medication substitute for mild to moderate depression. Quarterly Review of Natural Medicine. Winter:275-278, 1995.</ref>
<ref>Schmidt, U., et al. Extract of Saint John’s Wort in the treatment of depression. Attention and reaction remain unimpaired. Fortschr Med. 111(19):37-40, 1993.</ref>
<ref>Szegedi, A., et al. Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John's wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine. British Medical Journal. 2005.</ref>
<ref>Uebelhack, R., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Hypericum extract STW 3-VI in patients with moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. Adv Ther. 21(4):265-275, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Woelk, H., et al. Benefits and risks of the Hypericum extract LI 160: Drug monitoring study with 3250 patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 7(supplement 1):S34–S38, 1994.</ref>
<ref>Di Pasquale, M., M.D. Research update: St. John’s Wort - the power flower. Muscle Media. 63:170, 1997.</ref>
<ref>Murray, M. What ever happened to St. John’s wort? New studies show superior effects to SSRIs in treatment of depression. Dr. Murray’s Natural Facts. Dr 3:12, 2005.</ref>
<ref>Baureithel, K. H., et al. Inhibition of benzodiazepine binding in vitro by amentoflavone, a constituent of various species of Hypericum. Pharm Acta Helv. 72(3):153-157, 1997.</ref>
<ref>Hansgen, K. D., et al. Multicenter double-blind study examining the antidepressant effectiveness of the hypericum extract LI 160. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 7(suppl 1):S15-S18.</ref>
<ref>Thiede, H. M., et al. Inhibition of MAO and COMT by hypericum extracts and hypericin. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. October 7, 1994 (Supplement1):S54-S56.</ref>
<ref>Witte, B., et al. Treatment of depressive symptoms with a high concentration of hypericum preparation - a multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. Fortschr Med. 113(28):404-408, 1995.</ref>
<ref>Thiede, H. M., et al. Inhibition of MAO and COMT by hypericum extracts and hypericin. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. October 7, 1994 (Supplement1):S54-S56.</ref>
<ref>Chatterjee, S. S., et al. Antidepressant activity of Hypericum perforatum and hyperforin: the neglected possibility. Pharmacopsychiatry. 31(Supplement):S7- S15, 1998.</ref>,Schizandra
<ref name="Bone, K 1991"/>,Suma,Turmeric
<ref>Yu, Z. F., et al. Antidepressant activity of aqueous extracts of Curcuma longa in mice. 83(1-2):161-165, 2002.</ref>
 
Πολλες έρευνες έχουν δείξει οτι λινέλαιο βοηθαει αρκετά στην διάθεση <ref name="Colin, A. 2003"/>
<ref name="Adams, P. 1996"/>
<ref name="Edwards, R. 1998"/>
<ref name="Hibbeln, J. 1995"/>
<ref name="Maes, M. 1996"/>
<ref name="Peet, M. 1998"/>
<ref name="Monograph 2000"/>
<ref name="Harv Ment Health Lett 2001"/>
<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
<ref name="Mamalakis, G. 2002"/>
<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
<ref>Naliwaiko, K., et al. Effects of fish oil on the central nervous system: a new potential antidepressant? Nutritional Neuroscience. 7(2):91-99, 2004</ref>
 
===Βιταμίνες - Μέταλλα - Ιχνοστοιχεία - Αμινοξέα ===
Μερικές βιταμίνες μπορεί να λείπουν από τον οργανισμό ωστόσο όταν αποκατασταθούν στα φυσιολογικά πεδία η κατάθλιψη εξαφανίζεται.
Μερικές από αυτές είναι τα αλκαλοειδή Galanthamine,
<ref>Mason, R. The new generation of brain drugs and anti-depressants. Anti-Aging Bulletin. 4(8):24-34, 2000.</ref>
και η Πιπερίνη (πού βρίσκετε στο πιπέρι).
<ref>Lee, S. A., et al. Piperine from the fruits of Piper longum with inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase and antidepressant-like activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 53(7):832-835, 2005.</ref>
 
Αρκετά αμινοξέα έχουν δείξει οτι μπορούν να βελτιώσουν την διάθεση (λόγω έλλειψης στον οργανισμό)όπως 5-HTP (5-Υδροξυτρυπταμίνη)
<ref name="Shaw, K. 2002">Shaw, K., et al. Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 1:CD003198, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Alino, J. J., et al. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and a MAOI (nialamide) in the treatment of depressions. A double-blind controlled study. Int Pharmacopsychiatry. 11(1):8-15, 1976.</ref>
<ref>Angst, J., et al. The treatment of depression with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Results of two open and one double-blind study. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 224(2):175-186, 1977.</ref>
<ref>Loo, H., et al. [Open study of L-5-H.T.P. in melancholic depressed patients over 50 years of age]. Encephale. 6(3):241-246, 1980.</ref>
<ref>Persson, T., et al. 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression. Lancet. 2(7523):987-988, 1967.</ref>
<ref>Poldinger, W., et al. A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology. 24(2):53-81, 1991.</ref>
<ref>Takahashi, S., et al. Effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan on brain monoamine metabolism and evaluation of its clinical effect in depressed patients. J Psychiatr Res. 12:177-187, 1975.</ref>
<ref>an Hiele, L. J. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in depression: the first substitution therapy in psychiatry? The treatment of 99 out-patients with "therapy-resistant" depressions. Neuropsychobiology. 6(4):230-240, 1980.</ref>
<ref>van Praag, H. M., et al. 5-Hydroxytryptophan in combination with clomipramine in “therapy-resistant” depression. Psychopharmacology. 38(3):267-269, 1974.</ref>
<ref>van Praag, H. M., et al. Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Psychiatry Res. 3(1):75-83, 1980.</ref>
<ref>Zmilacher, K., et al. L-5-hydroxytryptophan alone and in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor in the treatment of depression. Neuropsychobiology. 20(1):28-35, 1988.</ref>
<ref>Brown, D. J. Doctors report how their patients are doing on 5-HTP. Life Enhancement. March 1999:11-15.</ref>
<ref>South, J. Depression: with alternative anti-aging treatments. Anti-Aging Bulletin. 4(8):3-17, 2000.</ref>
<ref name="HTP 1999">5-HTP: Enhance your mood, your sleep, and a lot more Life Enhancement. November 1999.</ref>,
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
<ref>DeSimone, C., et al. Amelioration of the depression of HIV-infected subjects with L-acetyl carnitine therapy. J Drug Dev. 1:163-166, 1988.</ref>
<ref>Furlong, J. H. Acetyl-L-carnitine: metabolism and applications in clinical practice. Alternative Medicine Review. 1(2):85-93, 1996.</ref>
<ref>Garyza, G., et al. Evaluation of the effects of L-acetylcarnitine on senile patients suffering from depression. Drugs Exp Clin Res (Switzerland). 16(2):101-106, 1990.</ref>
<ref>Gecele, M., et al. Acetyl-l-carnitine in aged subjects with major depression: Clinical efficacy and effects on the circadian rhythm of cortisol. Dementia. 2:333-337, 1991.</ref>
<ref>Pettegrew, J. W., et al. 31P-MRS study of acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in geriatric depression: preliminary results. Bipolar Disord. 4(1):61-66, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Tempesta, E., et al. L-Acetylcarnitine in depressed elderly subjects. A cross-over study versus placebo. Drugs under Experimental Clinical Research. 13(7):417-423, 1987.</ref>
<ref>Zanardi, R., et al. A double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial of acetyl-l-carnitine vs. amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005.</ref>
<ref>Monograph: Acetyl-L-Carnitine. Alternative Medicine Review. 4(6):438-441, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Dean, W. & Morgenthaler, J. Smart Drugs & Nutrients. B & J Publications, Santa Cruz, California, USA. 1990:79-82.</ref>
<ref>Firshein, R. The Nutraceutical Revolution. Riverhead Books via Penguin Putnam Inc., New York, USA. 1998:262</ref>,Glutamine
<ref>Cocchi, R. Antidepressive properties of L-glutamine. Preliminary report. Acta Psychiatr Belgium. 76:658-666, 1976.</ref>
<ref>Shabert, J. & Ehrlich, N. The Ultimate Nutrient, Glutamine: The Nonessential Amino Acid. Avery Publishing Group, New York, USA. 1994:71.</ref>,Methionine
<ref>Erdmann, Robert & Jones, Meirion. The Amino Revolution. Century Hutchinson. London, United Kingdom. 1987:57.</ref>
<ref>The Directory of Life Extension Supplements. Life Extension Media, Florida, USA. 2000:45.</ref>,Phenylalanine
<ref name="HTP 1999"/>
<ref>Beckman, H. Phenylalanine in affective disorders. Adv Biol Psychiat. 10:137-147, 1983.</ref>
<ref>Beckmann, H., et al. Dl-phenylalanine in depressed patients: an open study. J Neural Transm. 41(2-3):123-134, 1977.</ref>
<ref>Beckmann, H., et al. DL-phenylalanine versus imipramine: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 227(1):49-58, 1979.</ref>
<ref>Kravitz, H. M., et al. Dietary supplements of phenylalanine and other amino acid precursors of brain neuroamines in the treatment of depressive disorders. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 84(1 Supplement):119-123, 1984.</ref>
<ref>Sabelli, H. C., et al. Clinical studies on the phenylethylamine hypothesis of affective disorder: urine and blood phenylacetic acid and phenylalanine dietary supplements. J Clin Psychiatr. 47:66-70, 1986.</ref>
<ref>Heller, B. Pharmacological and clinical effects of DL-phenylalanine in depression and Parkinson’s disease. In: Modern Pharmacology-toxicology, Noncatecholic Phenylethylamines, Part 1. Mosnaim, A. D. and Wolfe, M. E., editors. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. 1978:397-417.</ref>
<ref>Borison, et al. Metabolism of an antidepressant amino acid. (Presented in poster session at April 9-14, 1978 FASEB, Atlantic City, New Jersey), 1978.</ref>
<ref>Block, W. Catecholamines kick out the demons of depression. Life Enhancement. September 2003.</ref>
<ref>Braverman, Eric R. The Healing Nutrients Within. Keats Publishing, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA. 1997:40.</ref>
<ref>Hendler, S. S. The Doctors' Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1990:225-228.</ref>
<ref>Vayda, William. Psycho-nutrition: How to Control your Mood with Foods. Lothian Publishing Company, Port Melbourne, Australia. 1992:57.</ref>
<ref>Phenylalanine: A psychoactive nutrient for some depressives? Med World News. October 27, 1983.</ref>
<ref>Catecholamines kick out the demons of depression. Life Enhancement. July 1999.</ref>,η Proline αλλά μπορεί να προκαλέσει εκνευρισμό,η S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe)
<ref>Alpert, J. E., et al. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) as an adjunct for resistant major depressive disorder: an open trial following partial or nonresponse to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 24(6):661-664, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Bell, K. M., et al. S-adenosylmethionine treatment of depression: A controlled clinical trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 145(9):1110-1114, 1988.</ref>
<ref>Berlanga, C., et al. Efficacy of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in speeding the onset of action of imipramine. Psychiatry Res. 44(3):257-262, 1992.</ref>
<ref name="Bottiglieri, T. 1994">Bottiglieri, T., et al. The clinical potential of ademetionine (S-adenosylmethionine) in neurological disorders. Drugs. 48(2):137-152, 1994.</ref>
<ref>Carney, M. W. P., et al. S-adenosylmethionine and affective disorder. American Journal of Medicine. 83(Supplement 5A):104-106, 1987.</ref>
<ref>Czyrak, A., et al. Antidepressant activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in mice and rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 3(1):1-17, 1992.</ref>
<ref>De Vanna, M., et al. Oral S-adenosyl-L-methionine in depression. Curr Ther Res. 52:478-485, 1992.</ref>
<ref>DeLeo, D. S-adenosylmethionine as an antidepressant. Curr Ther Res. 41:865-870, 1987.</ref>
<ref>Di Rocco, A., et al. S-Adenosyl-Methionine improves depression in patients with Parkinson's disease in an open-label clinical trial. Mov Disord. 15(6):1225-1229, 2000.</ref>
<ref>Genedani, S., et al. Influence of SAMe on the modifications of brain polyamine levels in an animal model of depression. Neuroreport. 12(18):3939-3942, 2001.</ref>
<ref>Kagan, B. L., et al. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 147(5):591-595, 1990.</ref>
<ref>Mischoulon, D., et al. Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76(5 Supplement):1158S-1161S, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Nguyen, M., et al. S-adenosylmethionine and depression. Aust Fam Physician. 31(4):339-343, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Reynolds, E. H., et al. Methylation and mood. Lancet. 2(8396):196-198, 1984.</ref>
<ref>Salmaggi, P., et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in depressed post-menopausal women. Psychother Psychosom. 59(1):34-40, 1993.</ref>
<ref>Shippy, R. A., et al. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) for the treatment of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS. BMC Psychiatry. 4:38, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Thomas, C. S., et al. The influence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) on prolactin in depressed patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2(2):97-102, 1987.</ref>
<ref>Vahora, S. A., et al. S-adenosylmethionine in depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 12(2):139-141, 1988.</ref>
<ref>A methyl donor, adenosylmethionine, in depression. Folia Neuropsychiat. 16(4), 1973.</ref>
<ref>Block W. Depression and arthritis. Life Enhancement. December 2000.</ref>
<ref>Brown, R., Bottiglieri, T. Stop Depression Now. Putnam, New York, USA, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Brown, R. Anti-depressive procedures. Anti-Aging Bulletin. 4(12):3-8, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Braverman, E. R. & Pfeiffer, C. C. (1987). The Healing Nutrients Within. Keats Publishing, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA. 1987:137-154.</ref>
<ref>Holzman, D. SAMe works when other anti-depressants fail. Life Extension. 7(3), 2001.</ref>
<ref>Lerner, A. H. Prescription antidepressants - are they more depressing than uplifting? A combination of essential amino acids and herbs combat this multifaceted problem. Journal of Longevity. Issue 48, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Kiefer, D. SAMe: a natural compound that offers safe, effective relief from depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease. Life Extension. January 2005.</ref>
<ref>Segala, M. (editor). Disease Prevention and Treatment 3rd Edition. Life Extension Media. Florida, USA. 2000:224-226.</ref>
<ref>Whittaker, J. How to lift depression safely. Health & Healing. 9(9):4-6, 1999.</ref>
<ref>A new era for SAMe. Life Extension. 9(6), 2003.</ref>,η Taurine,η Threonine<ref>Braverman, Eric R. The Healing Nutrients Within. Keats Publishing, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA. 1997:286.</ref>,η Tryptophan <ref name="Shaw, K. 2002"/>,η Tyrosine
<ref>Gelenberg, A. J., et al. Tyrosine for the treatment of depression. American Journal of Psyciatry. 137(5):622-623, 1980.</ref>
<ref>Gelenberg, A. J., et al. Tyrosine for depression. J Psychiatr Res. 17(2):175-180, 1982.</ref>
<ref>Gelenberg, A. J., et al. Tyrosine for the treatment of depression. Adv Biol Psychiat. 10:148-159, 1983.</ref>
<ref>Goldberg, I. K. L-tyrosine in depression. Lancet. 2(8190):364, 1980.</ref>
<ref>McLean, A., et al. The effects of tyrosine depletion in normal healthy volunteers: implications for unipolar depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 171(3):286-297, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Meyers, S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Alternative Medicine Review. 5(1):64-71, 2000.</ref>
<ref>Mouret, J., et al. [L-tyrosine cures, immediate and long term, dopamine-dependent depressions. Clinical and polygraphic studies]. C R Acad Sci III. 306(3):93-98, 1988.</ref>
<ref>van Praag, H. M. In search of the mode of action of antidepressants. 5-HTP/tyrosine mixtures in depressions. Neuropharmacology. 22(3 Spec No):433-440, 1983.</ref>
<ref>Braverman, Eric R. The Healing Nutrients Within. Keats Publishing, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA. 1997:61.</ref>
<ref>Brown, D., et al. Natural remedies for depression. Nutrition Science News. 13(2), 1999.</ref>
<ref>Chaitow, Leon. Amino Acids in Therapy. Thorsons Publishers, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom. 1985:78.</ref>
 
Η έλλειψη μετάλλων σε έναν οργανισμό μπορεί να είναι αιτία εμφάνισης κατάθλιψης π.χ. όταν υπάρχει έλλειψη σε βρώμιο.
<ref>Harvey, N. S., et al. Trace elements and the electroencephalogram during long-term lithium treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry. 160:654-658, 1992.</ref>, στους ηλικιωμένους με έλλειψη ασβεστίου
<ref>Crammer, J. Lithium, calcium, and mental illness [Letter]. Lancet. 1:215-216, 1975.</ref>
<ref>Thys-Jacobs, S., et al. Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: the case for calcium. J Am Coll Nutr. 19(2):220-7, 2000.</ref>,
σε Χρωμιο
<ref>Davidson, J. R., et al. Effectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 53(3):261-264, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Franklin, M., et al. Effects of treatment with chromium picolinate on peripheral amino acid availability and brain monoamine function in the rat. Pharmacopsychiatry. 36(5):176-180, 2003.</ref>
<ref>McLeod, M. N., et al. Chromium treatment of depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 3(4):311-314, 2000.</ref>
<ref>McLeod, M. N., et al. Chromium potentiation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for dysthymic disorder in 5 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 60(4):237-240, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Docherty, J., et al. First study to link chromium picolinate supplementation with reduced carbohydrate cravings associated with atypical depression. National Institutes of Mental Health New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Conference. Phoenix, AZ, USA, June 2, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Kiefer, D. Chromium: an element essential to health. Life Extension. August 2004.</ref>,λίθιο (σε σωστές ποσότητες),σε έλλειψη Μαγνήσιο (όμως υπερβολική χορήγηση μπορεί να δημιουργίσει πάλη κατάθλιψη)
<ref>Eby, G. A., et al. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Medical Hypotheses. 2006.</ref>
<ref>Frizel, D., et al. Plasma calcium and magnesium in depression. British Journal of Psychiatry. 115:1375-1377, 1969.</ref>
<ref>Gatewood, J. W., et al. Mental changes associated with hyperparathyroidism. Am J Psychiat. 132(2):129-132, 1975.</ref>
<ref>Hall, R. C. W., et al. Hypomagnesemia: physical and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of the American Medical Association. 224:1749-1751, 1973.</ref>
<ref>Murck, H. Magnesium and affective disorders. Nutr Neurosci. 5(6):375-389, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Poleszak, E., et al. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity of magnesium in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 78(1):7-12, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Poleszak, E., et al. Effects of acute and chronic treatment with magnesium in the forced swim test in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 57(5):654-658, 2005.</ref>
<ref>Singewald, N., et al. Magnesium-deficient diet alters depression- and anxiety-related behavior in mice--influence of desipramine and Hypericum perforatum extract. Neuropharmacology. 47(8):1189-1197, 2004.</ref>
<ref name="Webb, W. L. 1981">Webb, W. L., et al. Electrolyte and fluid imbalance: Neuropsychiatric manifestations. Psychosomatics. 22(3):199-203, 1981.</ref>
<ref>South, J. Magnesium - the underappreciated mineral of life. Part II. Vitamin Research News. October 1997.</ref>
<ref>Werbach, M. R. Nutritional Influences on Illness. Keats Publishing, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA. 1988:324.</ref>
<ref>Eby, G. Rapid recovery from severe, stress-induced depression using magnesium. Internet: http://coldcure.com/html/dep.html.</ref>,Μαγγάνιο (σε μερικες μορφές κατάθλιψης),σε Κάλιο
<ref name="Webb, W. L. 1981"/>
<ref>Cox, J. R., et al. Changes in sodium, potassium and fluid spaces in depression and dementia. Gerontology Clin. 13:232-245, 1971.</ref>
<ref>Segala, M. (editor). Disease Prevention and Treatment 3rd Edition. Life Extension Media. Florida, USA. 2000:236.</ref>,σε Σελήνιο
<ref>Benton, D., et al. Selenium supplementation improves mood in a double-blind crossover trial. Psychopharmacology. 102(4):549-550, 1990.</ref>
<ref>Finley, J. W., et al. Adequacy or deprivation of dietary selenium in healthy men: clinical and psychological findings. J Trace Elem Exp Med. 11:11-27, 1998.</ref>
<ref>Hawkes, W. C., et al. Effects of dietary selenium on mood in healthy men living in a metabolic research unit. Biol Psychiatry. 39(2):121-128, 1996.</ref>
<ref>Rayman, M. P. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet. 356(9225):233-241, 2000.</ref>
<ref>Sher, L. Role of selenium depletion in the effects of dialysis on mood and behavior. Med Hypotheses. 59(1):89-91, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Sher, L. Role of selenium depletion in the etiopathogenesis of depression in patient with alcoholism. Med Hypotheses. 59(3):330-333, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Kiefer, D. Getting serious about selenium. Life Extension. December 2004.</ref>,να υπάρχει ανεπάρκεια σε Ψευδάργυρο
<ref>Levenson, C. W. Zinc: the new antidepressant? Nutrition Reviews. 64(1):39-42, 2006.</ref>
<ref>McLoughlin, I. J., et al. Zinc in depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 82(6):451-453, 1990.</ref>
<ref>Nowak, G., et al. Mechanisms contributing to antidepressant zinc actions. Pol J Pharmacol. 54(6):587-592, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Nowak, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of acute and chronic treatment with zinc in forced swim test and olfactory bulbectomy model in rats. Brain Res Bull. 61(2):159-164, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Nowak, G., et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression: a preliminary placebo-controlled study. Pol J Pharmacol. 55(6):1143-1147, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Prasad, A. S., et al. Experimental zinc deficiency in humans. Ann Intern Med. 89:483, 1978.</ref>
<ref>Werbach, M. R. Nutritional Influences on Illness. Keats Publishing, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA. 1988:325.</ref>
 
Μερικές βιταμίνες που μπορεί να εχει ανεπάρκεια ο οργανισμός και να παρουσιαστεί κατάθλιψη ειναι η Βιοτίνη
<ref>Levenson, J. L. Biotin-responsive depression during hyperalimentation. J Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition. 7(2):181-183, 1983.</ref>
<ref>Sydenstricker, V. P., et al. Observations on the ‘egg white’ injury in man. Journal of the American Medical Association. 118:1199-1200, 1940.</ref>
<ref>Mervyn, L. Thorsons Complete Guide to Vitamins and Minerals (2nd Edition). Thorsons Publishing Group, Wellingborough, England. 1989:58.</ref>
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline (CDP-Choline)
<ref name="Salvadorini, F. 1975">Salvadorini, F., et al. Clinical evaluation of CDP-choline (Nicholin) efficacy as an anti-depressant treatment. Curr Ther Res. 18(3):513-520, 1975.</ref>,Φυλλικό Οξύ
<ref name="Bottiglieri, T. 1994"/>
<ref>Abou-Saleh, M. T., et al. The biology of folate in depression: implications for nutritional hypotheses of the psychoses. Journal of Psychiatric Resarch. 20(2):91-101, 1986.</ref>
<ref>Alpert, J. E., et al. Nutrition and depression: the role of folate. Nutrition Reviews. 55(5):145-149, 1997.</ref>
<ref>Alpert, J. E., et al. Folinic acid (Leucovorin) as an adjunctive treatment for SSRI-refractory depression. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 14(1):33-38, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Botez, M. I., et al. Folate-responsive neurological and mental disorders; Report of 16 cases. Eur Neurol. 16(1-6):230-246, 1977.</ref>
<ref>Carney, M. W., et al. Red cell folate concentrations in psychiatric patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 19(3):207-213, 1990.</ref>
<ref>Coppen, A., et al. Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 60(2):121-130, 2000.</ref>
<ref name="Coppen, A. 2005">Coppen, A., et al. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J Psychopharmacol. 19(1):59-65, 2005.</ref>
<ref>Crayhon, R. The clinical applications of folic acid. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association. 4(1):21, 2001.</ref>
<ref>Crellin, R., et al. Folates and psychiatric disorders. Clinical potential. Drugs. 45:623-636, 1993.</ref>
<ref>Ghadirian, A. M., et al. Folic acid deficiency and depression. Psychosomatics. 21(11):926-929, 1980.</ref>
<ref>Lerner, V., et al. Vitamin B(12) and folate serum levels in newly admitted psychiatric patients. Clin Nutr. 2005.</ref>
<ref>Morris, M. S., et al. Depression and folate status in the US population. Psychother Psychosom. 72(2):80-87, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Ortega, T. M., et al. [The role of folates in the diverse biochemical processes that control mental function]. Nutr Hosp. 9(4):251-256, 1994.</ref>
<ref>Ramos, M. I., et al. Plasma folate concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in elderly Latina women despite folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr. 80(4):1024-1028, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Reynolds, E., et al. Folate deficiency in depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry. 117(538):287-292, 1970.</ref>
<ref>Reynolds, E. H., et al. Folic acid, ageing, depression, and dementia. British Medical Journal. 324(7352):1512-1515, 2002.</ref>
<ref>Riggs, K., et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63:306-314, 1996.</ref>
<ref>Taylor, M. J., et al. Folate for depressive disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. 18(2):251-256, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Tolmunen, T., et al. Dietary folate and depressive symptoms are associated in middle-aged Finnish men. Journal of Nutrition. 133(10):3233-3236, 2003.</ref>
<ref>Tolmunen, T., et al. Dietary Folate and the risk of depression in Finnish middle-aged men. A prospective follow-up study. Psychother Psychosom. 73(6):334-339, 2004.</ref>
<ref>Young, S. N., et al. Folic acid and psychopathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 13(6):841-863, 1989.</ref>
<ref>Monograph: folic acid. Alternative Medicine Review. 10(3):222-228, 2005.</ref>
<ref>Taylor, M. J., et al. Folate for depressive disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2:CD003390, 2003.</ref>
<ref name="Badash, M 1998">Badash, M. Brain food: formulas for aware aging. Health & Nutrition Breakthroughs. March 1998.</ref>
<ref>Block W. Depression and arthritis. Life Enhancement. December 2000:4-7.</ref>
<ref>Fulghum Bruce, D. Preventing heart disease and depression with high-dose folic acid. Life Extension. March 2005.</ref>
<ref>Segala, M. (editor). Disease Prevention and Treatment 3rd Edition. Life Extension Media. Florida, USA. 2000:210.</ref>
<ref name="Whittaker, J 1999">Whittaker, J. How to lift depression safely. Health & Healing. 9(9):4-7, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Folic acid: multi-function essential vitamin. LifeLink Product Catalog. 2001:13.</ref>,Ινοσιτόλη
<ref name="Badash, M 1998"/>
<ref>Barkai, A. I., et al. Reduced myo-inositol levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with affective disorder. Biol Psych. 13(1):65-72, 1978.</ref>
<ref>Benjamin, J. et al. Inositol treatment in psychiatry. Psychopharmacol Bull. 31:167-175, 1995.</ref>
<ref>Colodny, L., et al. Inositol - clinical applications for exogenous use. Alternative Medicine Review. 3(6):432-447, 1998.</ref>
<ref>Einat, H., et al. Inositol reduces depressive-like behaviors in two different animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology. 144(2):158-162, 1999.</ref>
<ref>Einat, H., et al. The antidepressant activity of inositol in the forced swim test involves 5-HT(2) receptors. Behav Brain Res. 118(1):77-83, 2001.</ref>
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<ref>Niacinamide for depression. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. April, 2004.</ref>
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<ref>Segala, M. (editor). Disease Prevention and Treatment 3rd Edition. Life Extension Media. Florida, USA. 2000:229.</ref>,
η Βιταμίνη B2
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<ref>Segala, M. (editor). Disease Prevention and Treatment 3rd Edition. Life Extension Media. Florida, USA. 2000:236.</ref>,,η Βιταμίνη B5
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η Βιταμίνη B6
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η Βιταμίνη C
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και η Cytidine Diphosphate Choline <ref name="Salvadorini, F. 1975"/>.
 
Έρευνες έχουν δείξει ότι πολλές ορμόνες παίζουν αρκετό ρόλο στην κατάθλιψη οπού μερικές φορές είναι κατω απο το κανονικο οπως, η Androstenedione
<ref>Schwartz, M., et al. Effects of androstenedione on long term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus. Relevance for affective and degenerative diseases. Brain Research Bulletin. 58(2):207-211, 2002.</ref>,DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
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<ref>DHEA improves mental function and combats depression. Life Enhancement. January 2002:19-22.</ref>,[[Μελατονίνη]]
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<ref>George, M., et al. CSF neuroactive steroids in affective disorders: pregnenolone, progesterone, and DBI. Biol Psych. 35(10):775-780, 1994.</ref>
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<ref>Valentine, G. What women want to know about progresterone. Life Enhancement. November 2000.</ref>,η χαμηλή ενδογενή τεστοστερόνη (κυρίως στους άνδρες)
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<ref>Protocol: Male hormone modulation - a hormonal attack on aging. Life Extension. November 1999.</ref>
<ref>Androderm Testosterone Transdermal System. U.S. Prescribing Information. Smith Kline Beecham. 1997.</ref>,τριϊωδοθυρονίνη (Τ3)
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==Παραπομπές==
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