Παγκόσμια ημέρα της γυναίκας: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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[[File:Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Η [[Άννυ Κένυ]] και η [[Κρίσταμπελ Πάνκχερστ]] κάνοντας εκστρατεία για τις [[Σουφραζέτες]]]]
Η '''Παγκόσμια ημέρα της γυναίκας''' εορτάζεται στις 8 Μαρτίου κάθε χρόνου.<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html | title=UN WomenWatch: International Women's Day – | publisher=UN.org | accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> ως ημέρα μνήμης των αγώνων του κινήματος για τα [[δικαιώματα των γυναικών]].
Ενώ η πρώτη τήρηση της Ημέρας της Γυναίκας πραγματοποιήθηκε στις 28 Φεβρουαρίου 1909 στη [[Νέα Υόρκη]], η 8η Μαρτίου προτάθηκε από τη Διεθνή Διάσκεψη Γυναικών του 1910 ώστε να καθιερωθεί μια «Διεθνής Ημέρα της Γυναίκας». Αφού οι γυναίκες κέρδισαν το δικαίωμα ψήφου στη Σοβιετική Ρωσία το 1917, η 8η Μαρτίου καθιερώθηκε ως εθνική αργία εκεί. Την εποχή εκείνη εορταζόταν κατά κύριο λόγο από το σοσιαλιστικό κίνημα και τις κομμουνιστικές χώρες μέχρι την υιοθέτησή της το 1975 από τα [[Ηνωμένα Έθνη]].
== Ιστορία ==
[[File:Nőnap - Petrográd, 1917.03.08.jpg|thumb|left|Διαδήλωση των γυναικών για ψωμί και ειρήνη - 8 Μαρτίου 1917, Πετρούπολη, Ρωσία]]
[[File:Zetkin luxemburg1910.jpg|thumb|left|Η [[Κλάρα Τσέτκιν]] και η [[Ρόζα Λούξεμπουργκ]] τον Ιανουάριο του 1910.]]
Η πρώτη τήρηση της "Ημέρας της Γυναίκας", ονομαζόταν «Εθνική Ημέρα της Γυναίκας» <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iwd.uchicago.edu/page/international-womens-day-history#1909%20The%20First%20National%20Woman's%20Day%20in%20the%20US|title=International Women's Day History {{!}} International Women's Day {{!}} The University of Chicago|website=iwd.uchicago.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref> και πραγματοποιήθηκε στις 28 Φεβρουαρίου του 1909 στη Νέα Υόρκη, όπου διοργανώθηκε από το Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα της Αμερικής <ref name="unevents">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/events/women/iwd/2008/history.shtml|title=United Nations page on the background of the IWD|date=|publisher=Un.org|accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref> κατόπιν εισήγησης της [[Τερεζα Μαλκίελ]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Sally M. |last1=Miller |title=From Sweatshop Worker to Labor Leader: Theresa Malkiel, A Case Study |journal=American Jewish History |volume=68 |issue=2 |date=December 1978 |page=197 |jstor=23881894}}</ref> Though there have been claims that the day was commemorating a protest by women garment workers in New York on March 8, 1857, researchers have described this as a myth.<ref name="emancipatie.nl">Temma Kaplan, "On the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day", in: ''Feminist Studies'', 11, 1985, S. 163–171. ([http://www.emancipatie.nl/_documenten/vvnl/doc/2006/KaplanSocialistOrigins.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615162719/http://www.emancipatie.nl/_documenten/vvnl/doc/2006/KaplanSocialistOrigins.pdf |date=June 15, 2007 }})</ref><ref name="Françoise Picq 1982">Liliane Kandel / Françoise Picq, [http://www.archivesdufeminisme.fr/article.php3?id_article=80 "Le Mythe des origines à propos de la journée internationale des femmes"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927183523/http://www.archivesdufeminisme.fr/article.php3?id_article=80 |date=September 27, 2013 }}, in: ''La Revue d'en face'', 12, 1982, S. 67–80.</ref><ref>Angela Howard Zophy, ''Handbook of American Women's History'', Garland, 1991, 187.</ref>
In August 1910, an [[International Socialist Women's Conferences#Copenhagen 1910|International Socialist Women's Conference]] was organized to precede the general meeting of the Socialist [[Second International]] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]].<ref name="ruthchild 2012">Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, "From West to East: International Women’s Day, the First Decade”, ''Aspasia: The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women's and Gender History'', vol. 6 (2012): 1-24.</ref> Inspired in part by the American socialists, German Socialist [[Luise Zietz]] proposed the establishment of an annual Women's Day and was seconded by fellow socialist and later communist leader [[Clara Zetkin]], supported by [[Käte Duncker]], although no date was specified at that conference.<ref name="kaplan">Temma Kaplan, "On the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day", Feminist Studies, 11/1 (Spring, 1985)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= History of International Women's Day |url= https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html |publisher= United Nations |accessdate= May 26, 2012}}</ref> Delegates (100 women from 17 countries) agreed with the idea as a strategy to promote equal rights including [[suffrage]] for women.<ref name="iwd">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalwomensday.com/About|title=About International Women's Day |publisher=Internationalwomensday.com |date=March 8, 1917 |accessdate=February 26, 2016}}</ref> The following year on March 19, 1911, IWD was marked for the first time, by over a million people in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland.<ref name="unevents" /> In the Austro-Hungarian Empire alone, there were 300 demonstrations.<ref name="kaplan" /> In Vienna, women paraded on the [[Ringstrasse]] and carried banners honouring the martyrs of the [[Paris Commune]].<ref name="kaplan" /> Women demanded that they be given the [[right to vote]] and to hold public office. They also protested against employment sex discrimination.<ref name="UN" /> The Americans continued to celebrate National Women's Day on the last Sunday in February.<ref name="kaplan" />
[[File:NSW Builders Labourers march on IWD 1975.jpg|thumb|Γυναίκες μέλη της Αυστραλιανής Ομοσπονδίας Εργάτων Οικοδόμων διαδηλώνουν κατά την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα της Γυναίκας το 1975 στο [[Σίδνεϊ]]]]
==Παραπομπές==▼
In 1913 [[Russian Empire|Russian]] women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Saturday in February (by the [[Julian calendar]] then used in Russia).<ref name="mmf1" />
Although there were some women-led strikes, marches, and other protests in the years leading up to 1914, none of them happened on March 8.<ref name="mmf1" /> In 1914 International Women's Day was held on March 8, possibly because that day was a Sunday, and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries.<ref name="mmf1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue |title=8th of March – International woman's day: in search of lost memory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064904/http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue |archivedate=March 13, 2011|deadurl=yes |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}</ref> The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women's right to vote, which German women did not win until 1918.<ref name="mmf1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/suffrage.htm |title=Women's Suffrage |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union |accessdate=January 26, 2014}}</ref>
In London there was a march from Bow to [[Trafalgar Square]] in support of women's suffrage on March 8, 1914. [[Sylvia Pankhurst]] was arrested in front of [[Charing Cross]] station on her way to speak in Trafalgar Square.<ref>{{cite news|title=Suffragist Disorders|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1914-03-09/5/1.html#start%3D1785-01-01%26end%3D1985-12-31%26terms%3D%22Sylvia%20Pankhurst%22%20arrested%26back%3D/tto/archive/find/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/4%26prev%3D/tto/archive/frame/goto/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/32%26next%3D/tto/archive/frame/goto/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/34|accessdate=May 9, 2014|newspaper=The Times|date=March 9, 1914}}</ref>
On March 8, 1917, on the [[Gregorian calendar]], in the capital of the [[Russian Empire]], [[Petrograd]], women textile workers began a demonstration, covering the whole city. This marked the beginning of the [[Russian Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/revolution_postup/20170306/1489217048.html|title=February Revolution|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|accessdate=7 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="UN" /> Women in Saint Petersburg went on strike that day for "Bread and Peace" – demanding the end of World War I, an end to Russian food shortages, and the end of czarism.<ref name="mmf1" /> [[Leon Trotsky]] wrote, "23 February (8th March) was International Woman's Day and meetings and actions were foreseen. But we did not imagine that this 'Women's Day' would inaugurate the revolution. Revolutionary actions were foreseen but without date. But in the morning, despite the orders to the contrary, textile workers left their work in several factories and sent delegates to ask for support of the strike… which led to mass strike... all went out into the streets."<ref name="mmf1" /> Seven days later, the [[Emperor of Russia]], [[Nicholas II]] abdicated and the [[Russian Provisional Government|provisional Government]] granted women the right to vote.<ref name="unevents" />
Following the [[October Revolution]], the [[Bolshevik]] [[Alexandra Kollontai]] and [[Vladimir Lenin]] made it an [[Public holiday|official holiday]] in the Soviet Union, but it was a working day until 1965. On May 8, 1965 by the decree of the [[USSR]] [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] International Women's Day was declared a non-working day in the USSR "in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War, in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear, and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples, and the struggle for peace. But still, women's day must be celebrated as are other holidays."
From its official adoption in Soviet Russia following the Revolution in 1917, the holiday was predominantly celebrated in communist countries and by the communist movement worldwide. It was celebrated by the communists in China from 1922.<ref name="kaplan" /> After the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949 the State Council proclaimed on December 23 that March 8 would be made an official holiday with women in China given a half-day off.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anniversaries of important events|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2005-08/10/content_28291.htm|work=China Factfile|publisher=Chinese Government|accessdate=August 28, 2011}}</ref>
Communist leader [[Dolores Ibárruri]] led a women's march in Madrid in 1936 on the eve of the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name="kaplan" />
The [[United Nations]] began celebrating International Women's Day in the [[International Women's Year]], 1975. In 1977, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the [[UN Day]] for [[women's rights]] and [[world peace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/international-womens-day|title=International Women's Day |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
== Δείτε ακόμα ==
* [[Δικαιώματα των γυναικών]]
* [[Φεμινισμός]]
▲== Παραπομπές ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Επιπλέον ανάγνωση ==
* [http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/3/7/socialist-history-of-international-womens-day.html "The socialist roots of International Women's Day"]. Al Jazeera America. March 7, 2015
* Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, "From West to East: International Women’s Day, the First Decade”, ''Aspasia: The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women's and Gender History'', vol. 6 (2012): 1-24.
== Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι ==
* [http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/international-womens-day Σελίδα των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για την Παγκόσμια ημέρα της γυναίκας]
[[Κατηγορία:Οργανισμός Ηνωμένων Εθνών]]
[[Κατηγορία:Δικαιώματα των γυναικών]]
[[Κατηγορία:Παγκόσμιες ημέρες
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