Καζίμιες Ουιστσίνσκι: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

Ο '''Kazimierz ŁyszczyńskiΚαζίμιες Ουιστσίνσκι''' (Kazimierz Łyszczyński, 4 Μαρτίου 1634 στην Łyszczyce της τότε Πολωνίας{{refn|group="Σημ"|Σήμερα ανήκει στην Λευκορωσσία}} – 30 Μαρτίου 1689 στην Βαρσοβία της Πολωνίας) ήταν πολωνολιθουανός ευγενής, γαιοκτήμονας και φιλόσοφος ο οποίος κατηγορήθηκε, δικάστηκε και εκτελέστηκε για [[αθεϊσμός|αθεϊσμό]] το 1689.<ref>Aleksander Gieysztor, ''et al.'' 1979, ''History of Poland'', page 261: A Lithuanian nobleman, Kazimierz Lyszczynski, was even beheaded for his alleged, or real, atheism (1689)</ref><ref>Jerzy Kłoczowski, 2000, ''A History of Polish Christianity'', page 155: The most famous episode was the sentencing to death of Kazimierz Lyszczynski, a nobleman accused of atheism, by the Sejm court in 1689.</ref>

Ο Łyszczyński είχε διαβάσει ένα βιβλίο του Henry Aldsted με τίτλο ''Theologia Naturalis'' (Θεολογία της Φύσης) το οποίο προσπαθούσε να αποδείξει την ύπαρξη του Θεού. Αλλά τα επιχειρήματα ήταν τόσο μπερδεμένα, ώστε ο Łyszczyński να μπορούσε να εντοπίσει αρκετές αντιφάσεις. ΓελοιοποιόνταςΓελοιοποιώντας τον Aldsted, ο ΛιτσίνσκιΟυιστσίνσκι έγραψε στο περιθώριο του βιβλίο "''ergo non est Deus''" («άρα δεν υπάρχει θεός»).

Το βιβλίο αυτό ανακαλύφθηκε από ένα χρεώστη του ŁyszczyńskiΟυιστσίνσκι, Jan Kazimierz Brzoska. Ο Brzoska, ο οποίος δεν ήθελε να επιστρέψει ένα μεγάλο μέρος των χρημάτων στον ΛιτσίνσκιΟυιστσίνσκι, τον κατηγόρησε για Αθεϊσμό και έδωσε τα τεκμήρια στον Επίσκοπο του [[Ποζνάν]]. O Brzoska επίσης έκλεψε και παράδοσεπαρέδωσε στο δικαστήριο ένα χειρόγραφο αντίγραφο του ''Περί της μη ύπαρξης του θεού'' το οποίο ήταν το πρώτο πολωνικό φιλοσοφικό κείμενο που παρουσίαζε την αθεϊστική σκοπιά και για το οποίο ο Λιτσίσνκι εργαζόταν από το 1674.<ref>Janusz Tazbir, 1966, ''Historia Kościoła Katolickiego w Polsce. 1460-1795'': Catholics who were suspected of being atheists were treated much more severely than Protestants who openly proclaimed their beliefs. An example is given by a trial of nobleman Kazmierz Łyszczyński, who was sentenced to death for atheism in 1689. Łyszczyński is thought to have written a longer treatise on the existence of God, where he expressed his affection for atheism. The manuscript of this treatise was stolen by his personal foe, Jan Kazimierz Brzóska, who sent it to Poznań bishop Stanisław Witwicki, who accused the blasphemer in court. Other bishops supported this accusation. In effect the diet sentenced Łyszczyński to death by beheading and cutting of his tongue. King Jan Sobieski is said to have expressed his discontent by saying that the inquisition would not have undertaken a more severe decision. After the king's appeal the execution was limited to beheading only. The body of the blasphemer was burned. The trial was not well regarded in Rome. The pope thought that the bishops had abused their entitlements and that the sentence had been too severe. It is however worth noting that Łyszczyński's trial is the only known example in the 17th century of a noblemen being executed because of his beliefs.

Ο Επίσκοπος του ΠοζνάνΠόζναν, με την συνδρομή του Επισκόπου του Κιέβου, ασχολήθηκαν με ζήλο για την υπόθεση. Ο βασιλειάς αποπειράθηκε να βοηθήσει τον Łyszczyński διατάζοντας να δικαστεί στο Wilno, αλλά αυτό δεν μπόρεσε να σώσει τον Łyszczyński από τον κλήρο. Το προνόμοιο του Łyszczyński ως ευγενή, να μην μπορεί να προφυλακιστεί, παραβιάστηκε. Η υπόθεση του Λιτσίνσκι παρουσιάστηκε στο δικαστήριο το 1689 όπου κατηγορήθηκε πως αρνήθηκε την ύπαρξη του Θεού και πως βλασφήμισε την Παναγία και τους Αγίους. Καταδικάστηκε σε θάνατο για Αθεϊα. Η ποινή εκτελέστηκε στην παλαιά αγορά της Βαρσωβίας, όπου η γλώσσα του κόπηκε και ακολούθησε αποκεφαλισμός.<ref name="Skorobohaty">{{Harv|Skorobohaty|1840|loc="Chapter XV"|pp=412–415}} Cazimir Lyszczynski, a noble and landowner of Lithuania, a man of a very respectable character, was perusing a book entitled Theologia Naturalis, by Henry Aldsted, a Protestant divine, and finding that the arguments which the author employed in order to prove the existence of divinity, were so confused that it was possible to deduce from them quite contrary consequences, he added on the margin the following words — “ergo non est Deus,” evidently ridiculing the arguments of the author. This circumstance was found out by Brzoska, nuncio of Brest in Lithuania, a debtor of Lyszczynski, who denouned him as an atheist, delivering, as evidence of his accusation, a copy of the work with the above-mentioned annotation to Witwicki, bishop of Posnania, who took up this affair with the greatest violence. He was zealously seconded by Zaluski, bishop of Kiod, a prelate known for his great learning and not devoid of merit in other respects, which however proved no check to religious fanaticism. The king, who was very far from countenancing such enormities, attempted to save the unfortunate Lyszczynski, by ordering that he should be judged at Wilno; but nothing could shelter the unfortunate man against the fanatical rage of the clergy represented by the two bishops; and the first privilege of a Polish noble, that he could not be imprisoned before his condemnation, and which had theretofore been sacredly observed even with the greatest criminals, was violated. On the simple accusation of his debtor, supported by the bishops, the affair was brought before the diet of 1689, before which the clergy, and particularly the bishop Zaluski, accused Lyszczynski of having denied the existence of God, and uttered blasphemies against the blessed Virgin and the saints. The unfortunate victim, terrified by his perilous situation, acknowledged all that was imputed to him, made a full recantation of all he might have said and written against the doctrine of the Roman Catholic church, and declared his entire submission to its authority. This was, however, of no avail to him, and his accusers were even scandalized that the diet permitted him to make a defence, and granted the term of three days for collecting evidence of his innocence, as the accusation of the clergy ought, in their judgment, to be sufficient evidence on which to condemn the culprit. The fanaticism of the diet was excited in a most scandalous manner by the blasphemous representation that divinity should be propitiated by the blood of its offenders. The diet decreed that Lyszczynski should have his tongue pulled out, and then be beheaded and burnt. This atrocious sentence was executed, and the bishop Zaluski himself gives a relation of what he considered an act of piety and justice! The king was horror-struck at this news and exclaimed that the Inquisition could not do any thing worse. It is necessary, on this occasion, to render justice to Pope Innocent XI., who, instead of conferring a cardinal’s hat on the bishop of Posnania, bitterly censured this disgraceful affair.</ref> Μετά, το πτώμα του μεταφέρθηκε έξω από τα σύνορα της πόλης και κάηκε.