Σκάρα Μπρε (νεολιθικός οικισμός): Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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Ryulong (συζήτηση | συνεισφορές)
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'''Skara Brae''' is a large stone-built [[Neolithic]] settlement, located in the [[Bay of Skaill]] on the west coast of mainland [[Orkney Islands|Orkney]], [[Scotland]]. The level of preservation is such that it has gained [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] status. It is one of four such Scottish sites, the others being the [[Old Town, Edinburgh|Old Town]] and [[New Town, Edinburgh|New Town]] of [[Edinburgh]]; [[New Lanark]] in [[South Lanarkshire]]; and [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]] in the [[Western Isles]]. It is [[Europe]]'s most complete Neolithic village.
 
==History==
Until [[1850]], Skara Brae lay under the sand dunes behind the bay. Rough seas and high winds in that year stripped away the grass, revealing several houses, while in [[1924]] the remainder was uncovered as a result of similar weather. Although there were several phases of occupation, all that can be seen today is the last phase. The settlement of eight similar dwellings, linked together by a series of low alleyways, was fully excavated between [[1928]] and [[1930]] by [[Vere Gordon Childe]].
 
Skara Brae's inhabitants numbered no more than 50 to 100 at any one time. They were apparently makers and users of [[grooved ware people|Grooved Ware]]. The houses used [[earth sheltering]] but, rather than being sunk into the ground, they were built into mounds of pre-existing rubbish known as "[[midden]]s". Although the midden provided the houses with a small degree of stability, its most important purpose was to act as a layer of insulation against Orkney's harsh winter climate. On average, the houses measure 40 square metres in size with a large square room containing a large hearth which would have been used for heating and cooking. As few trees grow on the island, the people of Skara Brae used driftwood and whalebone, with turf thatch, to roof their dwellings.
 
The dwellings contain a number of stone-built pieces of [[furniture]], including cupboards, dressers, seats, and box beds. A sophisticated drainage system was even incorporated into the village's design, one that may have included a primitive form of [[toilet]] in each dwelling.
 
The ancient inhabitants of Orkney built structures known as [[chambered cairn]]s. These pyramid-like structures were built as communal burial places, revealing burials according to tribal status. The history of chambered cairns in Orkney spans thousands of years, during which time a variety of designs developed. Though these designs vary, they all fall into one of two main types: the ''Orkney-Cromarty'' and the ''[[Maeshowe]]'' type of chambered cairn.
 
A comparable — if smaller — site exists at [[Rinyo]] on [[Rousay|Rousay Island]]. Unusually, no Maeshowe-type tombs have been found on Rousay and although there are a large number of Orkney-Cromarty chambered cairns, these were built by [[Unstan ware]] people.
 
The site at Skara Brae is believed to have been occupied from about [[3100 BC]], for about six hundred years. Around [[2500 BC]], after the climate changed, turning much colder and wet, the settlement was abandoned by its inhabitants.
 
==Skara Brae in popular culture==
The [[Bard's Tale (1985)|Bard's Tale]] and [[Ultima]] [[computer role-playing game]]s (see [[Britannia (Ultima)#Skara Brae|Britannia]]) also feature cities named "Skara Brae".
 
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{{World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom}}
 
[[Category:4th millennium BC architecture]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Scotland]]
[[Category:History of Orkney]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Orkney]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stone Age]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Scotland]]
 
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