Χρήστης:Trikos/πρόχειρο: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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Trikos (συζήτηση | συνεισφορές)
Trikos (συζήτηση | συνεισφορές)
Γραμμή 18:
 
== Προβλέψεις ==
Η SOLAS 1974 απαιτεί από τα κράτη να συμμορφώνονται με τα ελάχιστα πρότυπα ασφαλείας για την κατασκευή, τον εξοπλισμό και τη λειτουργία των εμπορικών πλοίων. Η συνθήκη περιλαμβάνει άρθρα που καθορίζουν γενικές υποχρεώσεις κ.λπ., ακολουθούμενη από ένα παράρτημα που χωρίζεται σε δεκατέσσερα κεφάλαια. Από αυτά, το κεφάλαιο πέντε (συχνά αποκαλούμενο «SOLAS V») είναι το μόνο που ισχύει για όλα τα πλοία στη θάλασσα, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των ιδιωτικών σκαφών αναψυχής και των μικρών σκαφών σε τοπικά ταξίδια, καθώς και στα εμπορικά πλοία που εκτελούν διεθνείς μεταφορές. Πολλές χώρες έχουν μετατρέψει τις απαιτήσεις του κεφαλαίου πέντε σε εθνικούς νόμους, έτσι ώστε όποιος τον παραβιάσει, να έρχεται αντιμέτωπος με τη δικαιοσύνη.<ref name="RYA-SOLASV"/>
 
;Κεφάλαιο Ι – Γενικές διατάξεις
SOLAS 1974 requires flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with the minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The treaty includes articles setting out general obligations, etc, followed by an annexe divided into twelve chapters, two new chapters were added in 2016 and 2017.<ref name="IMO-1974"/> Of these, chapter five (often called 'SOLAS V') is the only one that applies to all vessels on the sea, including private yachts and small craft on local trips as well as to commercial vessels on international passages. Many countries have turned these international requirements into national laws so that anybody on the sea who is in breach of SOLAS<ref name=weighing/> V requirements may find themselves subject to legal proceedings.<ref name="RYA-SOLASV"/>
:Ανίχνευση των διαφόρων τύπων πλοίων και πιστοποίηση ότι πληρούν τις απαιτήσεις της σύμβασης.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
 
;Κεφάλαιο ΙΙ-1 – Κατασκευές - Τμηματοποίηση και σταθερότητα, μηχανήματα και ηλεκτρικές εγκαταστάσεις
;Chapter I – General Provisions: Surveying the various types of ships and certifying that they meet the requirements of the convention.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
:Η τμηματοποίηση των επιβατηγών πλοίων σε υδατοστεγή διαμερίσματα, έτσι ώστε μετά από βλάβη στο κύτος, το πλοίο να είναι ακόμα σε θέση να επιπλέει.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
 
;Κεφάλαιο II-2 – Πυρασφάλεια, ανίχνευση πυρκαγιάς και κατάσβεση πυρκαγιάς
;Chapter II-1 – Construction – Subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations: The subdivision of passenger ships into watertight compartments so that after damage to its hull, a vessel will remain afloat and stable.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
:Συστήματα πυρασφάλειας για όλα τα πλοία ([[Κωδικός FFS]]).<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
 
;Κεφάλαιο III – Διάφορα σωστικά μέσα
;Chapter II-2 – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction: [[FSS Code|Fire safety provisions for all ships with detailed measures for passenger ships, cargo ships and tanker.]]<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
:Κάθε πλοίο πρέπει να φέρει σωστικά μέσα. Υπάρχουν διάφορες απαιτήσεις για τα [[Κυκλικό σωσίβιο|σωσίβια]] και τις [[Σωσίβια λέμβος|λέμβους]], ανάλογα με τον τύπο του πλοίου.<ref name="IMO-1974"/> Οι ειδικές τεχνικές απαιτήσεις παρέχονται από τον Διεθνή κώδικα ασφάλειας ζωής (LSA)<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
 
;Κεφάλαιο IV – Ραδιοεπικοινωνίες:
;Chapter III – Life-saving appliances and arrangements: Life-saving appliances and arrangements, including requirements for life boats, rescue boats and life jackets according to type of ship.<ref name="IMO-1974"/> The specific technical requirements are given in the International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
:Το [[Παγκόσμιο Ναυτιλιακό Σύστημα Κινδύνου και Ασφάλειας]] (GMDSS) απαιτεί από τα επιβατηγά και φορτηγά πλοία που εκτελούν διεθνή δρομολόγια να μεταφέρουν ραδιοεξοπλισμό, συμπεριλαμβανομένων δορυφορικών ραδιοφωνικών σημείων (EPIRB) και αναμεταδοτών αναζήτησης και διάσωσης (SART).<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
 
;Κεφάλαιο V – Ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας:
;Chapter IV – Radiocommunications: The [[Global Maritime Distress Safety System]] (GMDSS) requires passenger and cargo ships on international voyages to carry radio equipment, including satellite [[Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station|Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons]] (EPIRBs) and [[Search and Rescue Transponder]]s (SARTs).<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
;Chapter V – Safety of navigation: This chapter requires governments to ensure that all vessels are sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety point of view. It places requirements on all vessels regarding voyage and passage planning, expecting a careful assessment of any proposed voyages by all who put to sea. Every mariner must take account of all potential dangers to navigation, weather forecasts, tidal predictions, the competence of the crew, and all other relevant factors.<ref name="RYA-SOLASV"/> It also adds an obligation for all vessels' masters to offer assistance to those in distress and controls the use of lifesaving signals with specific requirements regarding danger and distress messages. It is different from the other chapters, which apply to certain classes of commercial shipping, in that these requirements apply to all vessels and their crews, including yachts and private craft, on all voyages and trips including local ones.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
 
;Chapter V – Safety of navigation: This chapter requires governments to ensure that all vessels are sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety point of view. It places requirements on all vessels regarding voyage and passage planning, expecting a careful assessment of any proposed voyages by all who put to sea. Every mariner must take account of all potential dangers to navigation, weather forecasts, tidal predictions, the competence of the crew, and all other relevant factors.<ref name="RYA-SOLASV"/> It also adds an obligation for all vessels' masters to offer assistance to those in distress and controls the use of lifesaving signals with specific requirements regarding danger and distress messages. It is different from the other chapters, which apply to certain classes of commercial shipping, in that these requirements apply to all vessels and their crews, including yachts and private craft, on all voyages and trips including local ones.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
 
;Chapter VI – Carriage of Cargoes: Requirements for the stowage and securing of all types of cargo and cargo containers except liquids and gases in bulk.<ref name="IMO-1974"/>
Γραμμή 82 ⟶ 87 :
The up-to-date list of amendments to SOLAS is maintained by the [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]]. Previous amendments were made in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=SOLAS 1974: Brief History – List of amendments to date and where to find them |url=http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/ReferencesAndArchives/HistoryofSOLAS/Documents/SOLAS%201974%20-%20Brief%20History%20-%20List%20of%20amendments%20to%20date%20and%20how%20to%20find%20them.html|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20140725015425/http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/ReferencesAndArchives/HistoryofSOLAS/Documents/SOLAS%201974%20-%20Brief%20History%20-%20List%20of%20amendments%20to%20date%20and%20how%20to%20find%20them.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=25 July 2014|publisher=[[International Maritime Organization]]|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> In 2015, another later amendment is the SOLAS Container Weight Verification Regulation VI/2.<ref>{{cite web|title=IMO Requirement For Container Weight Verification|url=http://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/safety/cargo-weight|publisher=[[International Maritime Organization]]|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> This regulation, implemented by the [[International Maritime Organization#Maritime Safety Committee|IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC)]] requires that the full weight of loaded containers must be obtained prior to being onboarded on an ocean vessel. Communicating a weight value has called for the introduction of a new [[Electronic data interchange|Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)]] communication protocol called VGM (Verified Gross Mass) or VERMAS (Verification of Mass), and involves cooperation between [[List of freight ship companies|ocean carriers]], [[Freight forwarder|Freight Forwarders/NVOCCs]], [https://www.descartes.com/knowledge-center/solas-container-weight-verification-resource-center EDI providers] as well as exporters. The regulation states that [[Export|exporters (shippers)]] are ultimately responsible to obtain a verified container weight.<ref>{{cite web|title= MSC 94th Session Summary of SOLAS Container Weight Requirements |url=http://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/safety/WSC_Summarizes_the_Basic_Elements_of_the_SOLAS_Container_Weight_Verification_Requirement___January_2015_-3-.pdf }}</ref> Originally scheduled for implementation on July 1, 2016,<ref>{{cite web|title=IMO Implementation and Action Dates Including SOLAS|url=http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/Action-Dates.aspx|publisher=[[International Maritime Organization]]}}</ref> the regulation allows for flexibility and practical refinement according to the Maritime Safety Committee Memorandum #1548<ref>{{cite web|title= IMO MSC.1/Circular 1548 Updating SOLAS Regulation VI2 Clauses |url=http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/container/Documents/MSC.1Circ.1548%20Advice.pdf |publisher=[[International Maritime Organization]]}}</ref> to October 1, 2016.
 
== Παραπομπές ==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="IMO-1974">{{cite web | url = http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspx | title =Διεθνής Internationalσύμβαση Conventionγια forτην theασφάλεια Safetyτης ofανθρώπινης Lifeζωής atστη Seaθάλασσα (SOLAS)| publisher = [[InternationalΔιεθνής MaritimeΟργανισμός OrganizationΝΑυσιπλοΐας]] (IMO) | accessdate = 630 AprilΙανουαρίου 20132019}}</ref>
<ref name="RYA-SOLASV">{{cite web | url = http://www.rya.org.uk/infoadvice/regssafety/pleasurecraftregs/Pages/SOLASV.aspx | title = SOLAS V Regulations | publisher = [[Royal Yachting Association]] (RYA) | date = 15 November 2012 | accessdate = 6 April 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="weighing">{{cite web | url = http://www.weightacontainer.com.au | title = solas weighing method }}</ref>
}}
 
== Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι ==
==External links==
* [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1998/31.html InternationalΚώδικας Life-SavingΔιεθνούς Ζωής ApplianceΖωής (LSA) Code- υπό underτην theαιγίδα auspicesτης ofΔιεθνούς theΣύμβασης Internationalγια Conventionτην forΑσφάλεια theτης SafetyΖωής ofστη Life at SeaΘάλασσα (SOLAS) ofτης 11ης NovemberΝοεμβρίου 1974], (LondonΛονδίνο, 4 JuneΙουνίου 1996) (Αγγλικά)
* [http://www.ecolex.org/ecolex/ledge/view/RecordDetails;DIDPFDSIjsessionid=AF597443A612D9D5A86181537571FEDF?id=TRE-001015&index=treaties InternationalΔιεθνής Conventionσύμβαση forγια theτην Safetyασφάλεια ofτης Lifeανθρώπινης atζωής Seaστη θάλασσα], Treaty in ECOLEX-the gateway to environmental law (EnglishΑγγλικά)
* [http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg5214/ USCG: LifesavingΤμήμα &διάσωσης Fireκαι Safety Divisionπυρασφάλειας] (Αγγλικά)
* [http://www.uscg.mil/international/affairs/publications/mmscode/english/AppendC.htm USCG SummaryΠερίληψη ofτων IMOσυμβάσεων conventionsτου ΙΜΟ] (Αγγλικά)
* [http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/StatusOfConventions/Pages/Default.aspx IMO: StatusIMO: ofΚατάσταση Conventionsτων Συμβάσεων] (Αγγλικά)
* [http://www.weightacontainer.com.au/#!regulations/uceb4 SOLAS: container weighing method 1 & 2] -broken link-
*[http://www.johngood.co.uk/2016/02/09/12569/ 10 things you need to know about the new SOLAS regulations]
 
 
 
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