Χρήστης:Trikos/πρόχειρο: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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Trikos (συζήτηση | συνεισφορές)
Trikos (συζήτηση | συνεισφορές)
Γραμμή 11:
 
= [[Περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις της ναυτιλίας]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping ] =
[[FileΑρχείο:Ship pumping ballast water.jpg|right|thumb|AΈνα cargo[[φορτηγό shipπλοίο]] dischargingρίχνει ballastνερό waterέρματος intoστη the sea.θάλασσα]]
The '''environmental impact of shipping''' includes [[greenhouse gas]] emissions, [[Environmental impact of shipping#Sound pollution|acoustic]], and [[oil pollution]].<ref name="Walker et al 2019 Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation">{{Cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9 |chapter=Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation |title=World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation |pages=505–530 |year=2019 |last1=Walker |first1=Tony R. |last2=Adebambo |first2=Olubukola |last3=Del Aguila Feijoo |first3=Monica C. |last4=Elhaimer |first4=Elias |last5=Hossain |first5=Tahazzud |last6=Edwards |first6=Stuart Johnston |last7=Morrison |first7=Courtney E. |last8=Romo |first8=Jessica |last9=Sharma |first9=Nameeta |last10=Taylor |first10=Stephanie |last11=Zomorodi |first11=Sanam | name-list-format = vanc |isbn=978-0-12-805052-1 }}</ref> The [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) estimates that [[Carbon dioxide]] emissions from [[shipping]] were equal to 2.2% of the global human-made emissions in 2012<ref>{{Citation|title=Third IMO GHG Study 2014|url=http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf|publisher=International Maritime Organization}}</ref> and expects them to rise 50 to 250 percent by 2050 if no action is taken.<ref>{{Citation|title=Second IMO GHG Study 2014 |url=http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019064411/http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-10-19 |publisher=International Maritime Organization }}</ref>
 
Οι ''' Περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις της ναυτιλίας''' περιλαμβάνουν τις εκπομπές αέριων θερμοκηπίου, την [[ηχορρύπανση]] και την [[Πετρελαιοκηλίδα|ρύπανση από πετρέλαιο]] από τις δραστηριότητες της [[ναυτιλία]]ς.<ref name="Walker et al 2019 Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation">{{Cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9 |chapter=Περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις της ναυτιλίας |title=Παγκόσμιες θάλασσες: Μια περιβαλλοντική αξιολόγηση |pages=505–530 |year=2019 |last1=Walker |first1=Tony R. |last2=Adebambo |first2=Olubukola |last3=Del Aguila Feijoo |first3=Monica C. |last4=Elhaimer |first4=Elias |last5=Hossain |first5=Tahazzud |last6=Edwards |first6=Stuart Johnston |last7=Morrison |first7=Courtney E. |last8=Romo |first8=Jessica |last9=Sharma |first9=Nameeta |last10=Taylor |first10=Stephanie |last11=Zomorodi |first11=Sanam | name-list-format = vanc |isbn=978-0-12-805052-1 }}</ref> Μάλιστα, σύμφωνα με εκτιμήσεις του [[Διεθνής Οργανισμός Ναυσιπλοΐας|Διεθνή Οργανισμού Ναυσιπλοΐας]], οι εκπομπές [[Διοξείδιο του άνθρακα
The First Intersessional Meeting of the IMO Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions<ref>International Maritime Organization, London (2008). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707040152/http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1737 "Working Group Oslo June 2008."]</ref> from Ships took place in [[Oslo]], Norway on 23–27 June 2008. It was tasked with developing the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC).<ref>SustainableShipping.com (2008). [http://www.sustainableshipping.com/news/2008/06/72085?gsid=bd38b351cb4e396c6349848dcc49aaf2&asi=1 "IMO targets greenhouse gas emissions."]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (London: Petromedia Group). 2008-06-17.</ref>
|διοξειδίου του άνθρακα]] από τη ναυτιλία ανέρχονται στο 2,2% των συνολικών ανθρωπογενών εκπομπών το 2012<ref>{{Citation|title=Third IMO GHG Study 2014|url=http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf|publisher=Διεθνής Οργανισμός Ναυσιπλοΐας}}</ref> και αναμένεται να αυξηθούν κατά 50-250% μέχρι το 2050 εάν δεν ληφθούν μέτρα.<ref>{{Citation|title=Second IMO GHG Study 2014 |url=http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019064411/http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report Π.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 Οκτωβρίου 2015 |publisher=Διεθνής Οργανισμός Ναυσιπλοΐας}}</ref>
 
 
 
 
The First Intersessional Meeting of the IMO Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions<ref>International Maritime Organization, London (2008). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707040152/http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1737 "Working Group, OsloΌσλο, JuneΙούνιος 2008."]</ref> from Ships took place in [[Oslo]], Norway on 23–27 June 2008. It was tasked with developing the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC).<ref>SustainableShipping.com (2008). [http://www.sustainableshipping.com/news/2008/06/72085?gsid=bd38b351cb4e396c6349848dcc49aaf2&asi=1 "IMO targets greenhouse gas emissions."]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (London: Petromedia Group). 2008-06-17.</ref>
 
==Ballast water==
Γραμμή 25 ⟶ 30 :
Noise pollution caused by shipping and other human enterprises has increased in [[contemporary history|recent history]].<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Noise could sound the death knell of ocean fish
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| location = London
| date = 15 August 2010