Παλαιστίνιοι: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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==Σημειώσεις==
<references group="Σημ." />
 
== Παραπομπές ==
{{παραπομπές|30em|refs=
<ref name="PCBS">{{cite web|title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm|publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=28 Δεκεμβρίου 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="ICBS2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/hodaot2013n/11_13_097e.pdf |title=65th Independence Day - More than 8 Million Residents in the State of Israel |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |date=14 Απριλίου 2013 |accessdate=18 Φεβρουαρίου 2014}}</ref>
 
<ref name="laventana1">{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |title=La Ventana&nbsp;– Littin: "Quiero que esta película sea una contribución a la paz" |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |date= |accessdate=2010-02-17}}</ref>
 
<ref name=factfinder>{{cite web|url=http://www.factfinder.census.gov |title=American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date= |accessdate=22 Απριλίου 2009}}</ref>
 
<ref name="europe">[http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:4367 The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe]</ref>
 
<ref name="al-monitor">{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/palestinians-open-kuwait-embassy.html|work=Al Monitor|title=Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy|date=23 May 2013|accessdate=23 May 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name=salvador>http://luterano.blogspot.com/2006/02/el-salvadors-palestinian-connection.html</ref>
 
<ref name=brazil>[http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/historico/e4.htm Governo do Estado de São Paulo&nbsp;– Memorial do Imigrante]</ref>
 
<ref name=iraq>http://www.al-awdacal.org/iraq-facts.html</ref>
 
<ref name=statcan>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF&GID=837928 |title=Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agg.. |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref>
 
<ref name=UNHCR1>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485e16.html |title=2013 UNHCR country operations profile - Algeria |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |year=2013 |accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="immi.se">http://www.immi.se/encyklopedi/tiki-index.php?page=Palestinier</ref>
 
<ref name=pewforum>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation] retrieved 4 September 2013</ref>
 
<ref name=Hassan1>[http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/Hassan-Sudan-2008-AJPA.pdf Hassan et al. (2008)]</ref>
 
<ref name="Cruciani2007">{{Cite journal | last = Cruciani | first1 = F | last2 = La Fratta | first2 = R | last3 = Trombetta | first3 = B | last4 = Santolamazza | first4 = P | last5 = Sellitto | first5 = D | last6 = Colomb | first6 = EB | last7 = Dugoujon | first7 = JM | last8 = Crivellaro | first8 = F | last9 = Benincasa | first9 = T | title = Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12 | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 1300–1311 | year = 2007 | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/24/6/1300 | pmid = 17351267 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msm049 | id = | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> | display-authors = 1 }} Also see [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/msm049/DC1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=cruciani&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Supplementary Data]</ref>
 
<ref name=Dowty>{{cite book |author=Dowty, Alan |year=2008 |title=Israel/Palestine |location=London, UK |publisher=Polity |page=221|isbn=978-0-7456-4243-7 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RrcoTW_vKDUC&pg=PA221|quote=Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture.}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Genomics>'Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine... Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture.' Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi, ‘Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians,’ in Dhavendra Kuma (ed.) ''Genomics and Health in the Developing World,'' OUP 2012 pp.700-711</ref>
 
<ref name=MosheGil>David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi claimed that the population at the time of the Arab conquest was mainly Christian, of Jewish origins, which underwent conversion to avoid a tax burden, basing their argument on 'the fact that at the time of the Arab conquest, the population of Palestine was mainly Christian, and that during the Crusaders’ conquest some four hundred years later, it was mainly Muslim. As neither the Byzantines nor the Muslims carried out any large-scale population resettlement projects, the Christians were the offspring of the Jewish and Samaritan farmers who converted to Christianity in the Byzantine period; while the Muslim fellaheen in Palestine in modern times are descendants of those Christians who were the descendants of Jews, and had turned to Islam before the Crusaders’ conquest.’ Moshe Gil, ''A History of Palestine,634-1099'' Cambridge University Press, (1983) 1997 pp.222-3</ref>
 
<ref name=palestineeb2>'The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.... Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestine’s inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to [[Ιερουσαλήμ|Jerusalem]] after a 500-year absence.' [[Encyclopedia Britannica]], ''Palestine'',[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45060/From-the-Arab-conquest-to-1900 'From the Arab Conquest to 1900,'].</ref>
 
<ref name=palestineeb>{{cite web|title=Palestine|year=2007|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2007-08-29|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian|quote=The Arabs of Palestine began widely using the term Palestinian starting in the pre–World War I period to indicate the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people. But after 1948—and even more so after 1967—for Palestinians themselves the term came to signify not only a place of origin but also, more importantly, a sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state.}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Lewis>{{cite book|title=Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice|author=Bernard Lewis| publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |year=1999|page=169|isbn=0-393-31839-7}}</ref>
 
<ref name=MichaelPrior>'While population transfers were effected in the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian periods, most of the indigenous population remained in place. Moreover, after Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70 the population by and large remained ''in situ,'' and did so again after Bar Kochba's revolt in AD 135. When the vast majority of the population became Christian during the Byzantine period, no vast number were driven out, and similarly in the seventh century, when the vast majority became Muslim, few were driven from the land. Palestine has been multi-cultural and multi ethnic from the beginning, as one can read between the lines even in the biblical narrative. Many Palestinian Jews became Christians, and in turn Muslims. Ironically, many of the forebears of Palestinian Arab refugees may well have been Jewish.' Michael Prior,''Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry,'' Psychology Press 1999 p.201</ref>
 
<ref name=JamesParkes>'the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively. . .Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came.' James Parkes, ''Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine,''(1949) rev.ed.Penguin, 1970 σσ.209-210.</ref>
 
<ref name="EmberEmber2005">{{cite book|author1=Melvin Ember|author2=Carol R. Ember|author3=Ian A. Skoggard|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA234|accessdate=2 Μαΐου 2013 | year=2005 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 | pages=234–}}</ref>
 
<ref name=jcpa>{{cite news|url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-19.htm |title=What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza?&nbsp;– A Presentation and a Critique | date=10 Μαρτίου 2005 | publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | accessdate=6 Φεβρουαρίου 2010}}</ref>
 
<ref name="critical">Alan Dowty, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MEE2Erm6qIMC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false Critical issues in Israeli society], Greenwood (2004), σ. 110</ref>
 
<ref name="WWWGazaStrip">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip|title=Where We Work - Gaza Strip|date=1 Σεπτεμβρίου 2013|publisher=UNRWA|accessdate=11 Νοεμβρίου 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="WWWWestBank">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank|title=Where We Work - West Bank|date=1 January 2012|publisher=UNRWA|accessdate=11 Νοεμβρίου 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Arzt>{{cite book|title=Refugees into Citizens&nbsp;– Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict|last=Arzt|first=Donna E.|year=1997|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|isbn=0-87609-194-X|page=74|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=fGDPWvyPcDMC&lpg=PR6&ots=IgIu2J0kEx&dq=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&lr=&hl=iw&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&f=false}}</ref>
 
<ref name="PCBSJordan">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_PalestiniansEOY2012E.pdf |title=Palestinians at the end of 2012 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |year=2009 |accessdate=11 Νοεμβρίου 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="gibbons2000">{{cite web|last=Gibbons|first=Ann|title=Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry|work=ScienceNOW|publisher=American Academy for the Advancement of Science|date=October 30, 2000|url=http://bric.postech.ac.kr/science/97now/00_10now/001030a.html}}. Studies cited are: {{cite journal | author = M. F. Hammer | title = Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| year = 2000 | volume = 97 | pages = 6769–6774 | author-separator = , | display-authors = 1 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.100115997 | issue = 12 | author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> | pmid=10801975 | pmc=18733 | last3 = Wood | first3 = ET | last4 = Bonner | first4 = MR | last5 = Jarjanazi | first5 = H | last6 = Karafet | first6 = T | last7 = Santachiara-Benerecetti | first7 = S | last8 = Oppenheim | first8 = A | last9 = Jobling | first9 = MA}} and {{cite journal | author = Almut Nebel | title = High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 107 | year = 2000 | pages = 630–641 | author-separator = , | display-authors = 1 | doi = 10.1007/s004390000426 | pmid = 11153918 | last2 = Filon | first2 = D | last3 = Weiss | first3 = DA | last4 = Weale | first4 = M | last5 = Faerman | first5 = M | last6 = Oppenheim | first6 = A | last7 = Thomas | first7 = MG | issue = 6}} Another study says; "Our recent study of high-resolution microsatellite haplotypes demonstrated that a substantial portion of Y chromosomes of Jews (70%) and of Palestinian Muslim Arabs (82%) belonged to the same chromosome pool."[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1274378/?tool=pubmed]</ref>
 
<ref name="Likhovski">{{cite book|last=Likhovski|first=Assaf|title=Law and identity in mandate Palestine|year=2006|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3017-8|page=174}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Porath117>Porath, 1974, p. 117. "On 21st September, after twenty-six days of discussion, the joint Syrian-Palestinian Congress issued a public statement to the League of Nations demanding: 1) Recognition of the independence and national rule (al-Sultan al-Qawmi) of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine"</ref>
 
<ref name=IMEU>{{cite web|title=Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding|year=2007|accessdate=2007-07-27|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0046.shtml}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TheFreeDictionary>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Palestinian+Authority |title=Palestinian Authority definition |publisher=TheFreeDictionary.com |date= |accessdate=6 Δεκεμβρίου 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Khalidip18">Khalidi, 1997, p. 18.</ref>
}}
 
{{ενσωμάτωση κειμένου|en|Palestinian people}}
 
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