Πάτροκλος: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 3:
Ο '''Πάτροκλος''' ([[Αρχαία ελληνική γλώσσα|αρχ. ελλ.]]: ''Πάτροκλος'' ή ''Πατροκλῆς'' < ''πατῆρ'' + ''κλέος'' (δόξα), «η δόξα του πατέρα, αυτός που δοξάζει τον πατέρα του»{{πηγή}}) ήταν γιος του Αργοναύτου [[Μενοίτιος (αργοναύτης)|Μενοίτου]] (αδερφού του [[Πηλέας|Πηλέα]]) και της θυγατέρας του [[Άκαστος|Ακάστου]], [[Σθενέλη]]ς ή της κόρης του Πηλέα [[Πολυμήλη]]ς (και επομένως ξάδερφος του Αχιλλέα) κατά τον [[Ησίοδος|Ησίοδο]]<ref>[2gym-giann.pel.sch.gr/axilleas/patrax.doc]</ref>, του οποίου ο παππούς, ο [[Αιακός]], ήταν γιος της ''[[Αίγινα (μυθολογία)|Αίγινας]]'' όπως και ο Μενοίτιος. Όταν ήταν ακόμη μικρό παιδί και ζούσε στην ιδιαίτερη πατρίδα του, την Οπούντα της Λοκρίδας, σκότωσε πάνω στο παιχνίδι ένα συνομήλικό του αρχοντόπουλο, τον [[Κλησώνυμος|Κλησώνυμο]], το γιο του [[Αμφιδάμας|Αμφιδάμαντα]]. Αν και ήταν ανήλικος, ο Πάτροκλος έπρεπε να φύγει από τον τόπο του, γιατί τον βάραινε το αίμα του νεκρού. Έτσι ο πατέρας του τον έφερε στον Πηλέα, που τον ανέθρεψε μαζί με τον Αχιλλέα σαν δικό του παιδί.
== Relationship with Achilles ==
{{main article|Achilles and Patroclus}}
Although there is no sexual dynamic between Achilles and Patroclus in the Homeric tradition, later Greek authors reinterpreted and expanded upon their relationship. Morales and Mariscal{{who?|date=August 2018}} point out that there are several other authors who do draw a romantic connection between the two characters, such as [[Aeschylus]] and [[Phaedrus (Athenian)|Phaedrus]], who even refers to Achilles as the [[eromenos]]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}. Morales and Mariscal continue stating, "there is a [[polemic]]al tradition concerning the nature of the relationship between the two heroes".<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3556498|title = The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias|journal = The Classical Quarterly|volume = 53|issue = 1|pages = 292–295|last1 = Morales|first1 = Manuel Sanz|last2 = Mariscal|first2 = Gabriel Laguna|year = 2003|doi = 10.1093/cq/53.1.292}}</ref> According to Grace Ledbetter, there is a train of thought that Patroclus could have been a representation of the compassionate side of Achilles, who was known for his rage, mentioned in the first line of Homer's ''Iliad''. Ledbetter connects the way that Achilles and his mother [[Thetis]] communicate to the communication between Achilles and Patroclus. Ledbetter does so by comparing how Thetis comforts the weeping Achilles in Book 1 of the ''Iliad'' to how Achilles comforts Patroclus as he weeps in Book 16. Achilles uses a simile containing a young girl tearfully looking at her mother to complete the comparison. Ledbetter believes this puts Patroclus into a subordinate role to that of Achilles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ledbetter|first=Grace|date=December 1, 1993|title=Achilles' Self-Address|url=|journal=American Journal of Philology|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> However, as Patroclus is explicitly stated to be the elder of the two characters,<ref>Iliad 11.785-90</ref> this is not evidence of their ages or social relation to each other.
James Hooker describes the literary reasons for Patroclus' character within the ''Iliad''. He states that another character could have filled the role of confidant for Achilles, and that it was only through Patroclus that we have a worthy reason for Achilles' wrath. Hooker claims that without the death of Patroclus, an event that weighed heavily upon him, Achilles' following act of compliance to fight would have disrupted the balance of the ''Iliad''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Hooker|first=James|date=January 1, 1989|title=Homer, Patroclus, Achilles|url=|journal=Symbolae Osloenses|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> Hooker describes the necessity of Patroclus sharing a deep affection with Achilles within the ''Iliad''. According to his theory, this affection allows for the even deeper tragedy that occurs. Hooker argues that the greater the love, the greater the loss. Hooker continues to negate Ledbetter's theory that Patroclus is in some way a surrogate for Achilles; rather, Hooker views Patroclus' character as a counterpart to that of Achilles. Hooker reminds us that it is Patroclus who pushes the Trojans back, which Hooker claims makes Patroclus a hero, as well as foreshadowing what Achilles is to do.<ref name=":5" />
Achilles and Patroclus grew up together after [[Menoitios]] gave Patroclus to Achilles' father, [[Peleus]]. During this time, Peleus named Patroclus one of Achilles' "henchmen".<ref name="The Iliad of Homer">{{cite book|title=The Iliad of Homer|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|page=474|last1=Homer}}</ref>
While Homer's ''Iliad'' never explicitly stated that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers, this concept was asserted by some later authors.<ref name="Martin 2012">{{cite book |title= Alexander the Great: The Story of an Ancient Life| last= Martin |first= Thomas R. |year= 2012 | location = Cambridge | publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0521148443 |quote= [See next reference for a relevant quotation.] |pages=99–100}}</ref><ref>As Martin (2012), op. cit., argues (see preceding footnote), "The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the ''Iliad'' never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.) If Alexander and Hephaestion did have a sexual relationship, it would have been transgressive by majority Greek standards…" (p. 99f).</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality|last = Boswell|first = John|publisher = University of Chicago Press|year = 1980|isbn = |location = Chicago|page = 47}}</ref> [[Aeschines]] asserts that there was no need to explicitly state the relationship as a romantic one,<ref name=":3" /> for such "is manifest to such of his hearers as are educated men."<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Speeches: Against Telemarchus, On the Embassy, Against Ctesiphon|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 1958|isbn = |location = London|page = 115|others = Translated by Charles Darwin Adams|url = https://archive.org/details/speechesagainstt00aescuoft|last = Aeschines}}</ref> Later Greek writings such as [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'', the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles is discussed as a model of romantic love.<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg011.perseus-eng1:179e 179e–180b].</ref> However, [[Xenophon]], in his ''[[Symposium (Xenophon dialogue)|Symposium]]'', had Socrates argue that it was inaccurate to label their relationship as romantic. Nevertheless, their relationship is said to have inspired [[Alexander the Great]] in his close relationship with his companion [[Hephaestion]].<ref name="Martin 2012" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Classical World|last=Lane Fox|first=Robin|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2005|isbn=|location=|page=235}}</ref>
Achilles was younger than Patroclus.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:11.780-11.821 11.786]: [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]], quoting Patroclus' father [[Menoetius]], reminds Patroclus of his father's advice: "My child, in birth is Achilles nobler than thou, but thou art the elder though in might he is the better far. Yet do thou speak to him well a word of wisdom and give him counsel, and direct him; and he will obey thee to his profit."; [[Plato]] in his ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' ([http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg011.perseus-eng1:180a 180a]) has one of his characters say that Achilles was "much the younger, by Homer's account".</ref> This reinforces Dowden's explanation of the relationship between an eromenos, a youth in transition, and an ''erastes'', an older male although having recently made the same transition.<ref>Dowden, p. 112</ref> Dowden also notes the common occurrence of such relationships as a form of initiation.<ref>Dowden, p. 114.</ref>[[File:Pasquino Group 2013 February.jpg|thumb|The body of Patroclus borne by Menelaus, Roman sculpture, Florence, Italy]]
==Ο μύθος==
Κατά την ''[[Ιλιάδα]]'' του [[Όμηρος|Ομήρου]] ο Πάτροκλος συμμετείχε στον [[Τρωικός Πόλεμος|Τρωικό Πόλεμο]] είτε ως φίλος του Αχιλλέα, είτε και ως πρώην μνηστήρας της [[Ελένη (μυθολογία)|Ωραίας Ελένης]] (κατ΄ άλλο μύθο) στον οποίο μάχονταν με ιδιαίτερο θάρρος και τόλμη μέχρι που ο Αχιλλέας, λόγω της γνωστής προστριβής του με τον [[Αγαμέμνονας|Αγαμέμνονα]] αποσύρθηκε στο στρατόπεδό του. Όταν όμως οι Αχαιοί πιέζονταν δεινά από τους Τρώες, ο Πάτροκλος ζήτησε από τον Αχιλλέα να περιβληθεί αυτός την πανοπλία εκείνου προσδοκώντας ότι θα εκφόβιζε τους Τρώες. Φορώντας λοιπόν την πανοπλία του αδελφικού του φίλου Αχιλλέα και θέλοντας να δώσει μια καλύτερη τύχη στη μάχη εναντίον των Τρώων, επιτίθεται επικεφαλής των Μυρμιδόνων. Στη δραματική εκείνη φάση του αγώνα όπου οι Τρώες είχαν φθάσει στα πλοία των Αχαιών και ήταν έτοιμοι να τα πυρπολήσουν, η θυελλώδης ορμή του Πατρόκλου τους ανάγκασε να επιστρέψουν σχεδόν άτακτα στα τείχη τους. Κατά τη διάρκεια όμως της τρίτης εφόδου που επιχείρησε ο Πάτροκλος για την άλωση της Τροίας ξαφνικά χτυπήθηκε από τον [[Απόλλων]]α και καταλήφθηκε από σκοτοδίνη με συνέπεια να περιέλθει σε κατάσταση αναισθησίας. Στην κατάσταση αυτή πρώτος τον έπληξε ο [[Εύφορβος ο Τρώος|Εύφορβος]] εκ των όπισθεν και δεύτερος που επεχείρησε και το θανατηφόρο κτύπημα ήταν ο [[Έκτορας]] ο οποίος και στη συνέχεια έγινε κύριος της πανοπλίας του Αχιλλέα. Ακολούθησε σκληρή πάλη Αχαιών και Τρώων πάνω από τη σορό του Πατρόκλου, η οποία και τελικά περιήλθε στα χέρια των πρώτων που τη μετέφεραν στη σκηνή του Αχιλλέα.
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