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==Ορολογία==
Οι William Strauss και Neil Howe έγραψαν πολυάριθμα βιβλία σχετικά με το θέμα των γενεών και ο όρος Millenials αποδίδεται ευρέως σε εκείνους.<ref name="Horovitz">{{Cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/advertising/story/2012-05-03/naming-the-next-generation/54737518/1|title=After Gen X, Millennials, what should next generation be?|last=Horovitz|first=Bruce|date=4 May 2012|work=USA Today|newspaper=USA Today|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Ο Howe έχει πει ότι "Κανείς δε γνωρίζει ποιος θα ονοματίσει την επόμενη γενιά μετά τους Millennials". To 2005, η εταιρεία τους αποτέλεσε χορηγό ενός διαδικτυακού διαγωνισμού, με τον οποίο οι συμμετέχοντες υπερψήφισαν την ονομασία ''Homeland Generation''. Δεν ήταν πολύ αργότερα από τις [[Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001|Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001]], όταν και μια συνέπεια της καταστροφής ήταν ότι οι Αμερικάνοι αισθάνονταν πιο ασφαλής με το να παραμένουν κλεισμένοι στο σπίτι.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Millennials & K-12 Schools|first=Neil|last=Howe|authorlink=Strauss and Howe|first2=William|last2=Strauss|publisher=LifeCourse Associates|isbn=0-9712606-5-6|year=2008|pages=109–111}}</ref> Ο Howe δεν ήταν ικανοποιημένος με αυτή την επιλογή του ονόματος και ανέφερε ότι οι ονομασίες προκύπτουν από τους ανθρώπους που έχουν έντονη εμφάνιση στον τύπο και ο κόσμος πιάνεται από αυτούς. <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilhowe/2014/10/27/introducing-the-homeland-generation-part-1-of-2/|title=Introducing the Homeland Generation (Part 1 of 2)|last=Howe|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Harvard University">{{Cite news|url=https://hbr.org/2007/07/the-next-20-years-how-customer-and-workforce-attitudes-will-evolve|title=The Next 20 Years: How Customer and Workforce Attitudes Will Evolve|last=Neil Howe and Bill Strauss|date=July–August 2007|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref>
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In 2012, ''[[USA Today]]'' sponsored an online contest for readers to choose the name of the next generation after the Millennials. The name ''Generation Z'' was suggested, although journalist Bruce Horovitz thought that some might find the term "off-putting". Some other names that were proposed included: ''iGeneration'', ''Gen Tech'', ''Gen Wii'', ''Net Gen'', ''Digital Natives'', and ''Plurals''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Connecting to the Net.Generation: What higher education professionals need to know about today's students|first=Reynol|last=Junco|authorlink=Reynol Junco|first2=Jeanna|last2=Mastrodicasa|publisher=NASPA|isbn=978-0-931654-48-0|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tiie.w3.uvm.edu/blog/who-are-generation-z/#.V1TFdscleT9|title=Z is for Generation Z|last=Homan|first=Audrey|date=27 October 2015|publisher=The Tarrant Institute for Innovative Education|accessdate=6 June 2016}}</ref>
''Post-Millennial'' is a name given by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Pew Research, in statistics published in 2016 showing the relative sizes and dates of the generations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/25/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers/|title=Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation|date=25 April 2016|website=Pew Research Center|publisher=Pew Research|accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref> The same sources showed that as of April 2016, the Millennial generation surpassed the population of Baby Boomers in the USA (77 million ''vs''. 76 million in 2015 data),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/files/2015/01/FT_16_04.25_generations2050.png|title=Projected Population by Generation|date=25 April 2016|website=Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation|publisher=Pew Research|accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref> however, the Post-Millennials were ahead of the Millennials in another Health and Human Services survey (69 million ''vs''. 66 million).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/files/2015/01/FT_16_04.25_generationsBirths.png|title=Birth Under Each Generation|date=25 April 2016|website=Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation|publisher=Pew Research|accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref>
''iGeneration'' (or ''iGen'') is a name that several persons claim to have coined. Stanford rapper MC Lars used the term in his 2006 song "iGeneration", which made it into popular rotation on MTVu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/ebreilly/commentaries/1361171918457|title=MC Lars – iGeneration — Critical Commons}}</ref> Psychology professor and author Jean Twenge claims that the name ''iGen'' "just popped into her head" while she was driving near [[Σίλικον Βάλλεϋ|Silicon Valley]], and that she had intended to use it as the title of her 2006 book ''Generation Me'' about the Millennial generation, until it was overridden by her publisher. Demographer Cheryl Russell claims to have first used the term in 2009. In 2012, Ad Age magazine thought that ''iGen'' was "the name that best fits and will best lead to understanding of this generation". In 2014, an NPR news intern noted that iGeneration "seems to be winning" as the name for the post-Millennials.<ref name="NPR">{{Cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2014/10/06/349316543/don-t-label-me-origins-of-generational-names-and-why-we-use-them|title=From GIs To Gen Z (Or Is It iGen?): How Generations Get Nicknames|last=Samantha Raphelson|date=6 October 2014|publisher=NPR|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>
Frank N. Magid Associates, an advertising and marketing agency, nicknamed this cohort "''The Pluralist Generation''" or 'Plurals'.<ref name="FNMagid">{{Cite journal|url=http://magid.com/sites/default/files/pdf/MagidPluralistGenerationWhitepaper.pdf|title=The First Generation of the 21st Century: An Introduction to the Pluralist Generation|date=2012|journal=Magid Generational Strategies|accessdate=15 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080730/http://magid.com/sites/default/files/pdf/MagidPluralistGenerationWhitepaper.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System also advocated calling the post-millennial generation 'Plurals'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/television/turner-says-post-millennial-generation-should-be-known-plurals-168994|title=Turner Says the Post-Millennial Generation Should Be Known as 'Plurals'|website=AdWeek|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="DeBord">DeBord, Mathew. [http://www.scpr.org/blogs/economy/2012/04/30/5859/new-generation-gets-name-plurals/ "A new generation gets a name: Plurals."] DeBord Report. 30 April 2012</ref>
[[MTV]] has labeled the generation "The Founders", based on the results of a survey they conducted in March 2015. MTV President Sean Atkins commented, "they have this self-awareness that systems have been broken, but they can't be the generation that says we'll break it even more."<ref name="Founders">{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/4130679/millennials-mtv-generation/|title=Here's What MTV Is Calling the Generation After Millennials|last=Sunburn|first=Josh|date=1 December 2015|publisher=Time|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Kantar Futures has named this cohort "The Centennials".<ref name="Williams, Alex">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/18/fashion/how-to-spot-a-member-of-generation-z.html|title=How to Spot a Member of Generation Z|date=18 September 2015|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=10 March 2016|author=Williams, Alex}}</ref><ref name="FuturesCompany">{{Cite web|url=http://thefuturescompany.com/centennials-infographic/|title=Centennial Infographic – The Futures Company|website=The Futures Company|language=en-US|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
Statistics Canada has noted that the cohort is sometimes referred to as "the Internet generation," as it is the first generation to have been born after the popularization of the Internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-311-x/98-311-x2011003_2-eng.cfm|title=Generations in Canada}}</ref> In Japan, the cohort is described as "Neo-Digital Natives", a step beyond the previous cohort described as "Digital Natives". Digital Natives primarily communicate by text or voice, while neo-digital natives use video or movies. This emphasizes the shift from PC to mobile and text to video among the neo-digital population.<ref name="Thomas">{{Cite book|title=Deconstructing Digital Natives: Young People, Technology, and the New Literacies|first=Michael|last=Thomas|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-73900-2|date=19 April 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Kahia4IQEC|γλώσσα=en}}</ref><ref name="Japanese Youth and Mobile Media">{{Cite news|url=http://www.academia.edu/350038/Japanese_Youth_and_Mobile_Media|title=Japanese Youth and Mobile Media|last=Takahashi|first=Toshie T|publisher=Rikkyo University|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref>
== Date and age range defining ==
In an article "What would you name today’s youngest generation of Americans?" Andrea Caumont states,"generations typically span about 20 years, generation Z starts after the year 2000."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/03/12/what-would-you-name-todays-youngest-generation-of-americans/|title=What would you name today’s youngest generation of Americans?|date=March 12, 2014|publisher=PEW Research Center}}</ref>
Statistics Canada defines Generation Z as starting with the birth year 1993.<ref name="gam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/canadian-university-report/the-genz-effect/article26898388/|title=The Generation Z effect|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> Statistics Canada does not recognize a traditional Millennials cohort and instead has Generation Z directly follow what it designates as ''Children of Baby boomers (born 1972–1992)''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-311-x/2011003/tbl/tbl3_2-1-eng.cfm|title=Generations in Canada|date=2011|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>
Randstad Canada describes Generation Z as those born between 1995–2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT77KpAWoYI|title=How to attract and engage Millenials: Gen Y + Gen Z|publisher=RandstadCanada|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.randstadusa.com/workforce360/managing-gen-y-z/|title=managing Gen Y and Z in the workplace|website=Randstad USA|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref> [[Αυστραλία|Australia]]'s McCrindle Research Centre defines Generation Z as those born between 1995–2009, starting with a recorded rise in birth rates, and fitting their newer definition of a generational span with a maximum of 15 years.<ref name="McCrindleAU">[http://mccrindle.com.au/resources/whitepapers/McCrindle-Research_ABC-01_Generations-Defined_Mark-McCrindle.pdf Generations Defined]. Mark McCrindle</ref> A 2014 report from Sparks and Honey describes Generation Z as those born in 1995 or later.<ref name="Adweek">{{Cite news|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/gen-z-infographic-can-help-marketers-get-wise-future-159642|title=This Gen Z Infographic Can Help Marketers Get Wise to the Future Here come the social natives|last=Oster|first=Erik|date=21 August 2014|publisher=Adweek|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref> Author Jean Twenge describes the iGen as those born from 1995–2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198/|title=Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation?|publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=2017-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/2016/07/31/post-millennial-military-what-expect-next-generation/87333254/|title=Post-millennial military: What to expect from the next generation|last=Lilley|first=Kevin|publisher=Military Times|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-016-0798-z|title=Sexual Inactivity During Young Adulthood Is More Common Among U.S. Millennials and iGen: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Having No Sexual Partners After Age 18|last=Twenge|first=Jean M.|last2=Sherman|first2=Ryne A.|date=1 August 2016|journal=Arch Sex Behav|doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0798-z|pages=1–8|last3=Wells|first3=Brooke E.}}</ref>
In their 2011 book ''How Cool Brands Stay Hot'', authors Joeri van den Bergh and Mattias Behrer define Generation Z as those born after 1996.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How cool brands stay hot: branding to generation y|first=Joeri, Mattias|last=van der Bergh, Behrer|publisher=Kogan Page|isbn=0-7494-6250-7|year=2011|location=United States}}</ref> In Japan, generations are defined by a ten-year span with "Neo-Digital natives" beginning after 1996.
The Futures Company, marketing agency Frank N. Magid Associates, Ernst and Young,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-rise-of-gen-znew-challenge-for-retailers/%24FILE/EY-rise-of-gen-znew-challenge-for-retailers.pdf|title=Rise of Gen Z: new challenge for retailers|last=Merriman|first=Marcie|date=2015|website=ey.com|publisher=EYGM Limited|accessdate=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Turner Broadcasting,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turner.com/pressroom/turner-research-shares-key-insights-plurals-and-millennials%E2%80%99-media-consumption-and|title=Turner Research Shares Key Insights on Plurals and Millennials’ Media Consumption and Consumer Behavior During Thought Leadership Event in New York|date=January 14, 2016|website=www.turner.com|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System|accessdate=October 21, 2016}}</ref> and The Shand Group<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theshandgroup.com/2015/12/03/getting-ready-for-generation-z/|title=Getting Ready for Generation – Z|last=Sh|first=The|last2=Group|date=2015-12-03|website=The Shand Group|accessdate=2016-10-24}}</ref> use 1997 as the first year of birth for this cohort, with Frank N. Magid considering the cohort to extend to at least 2014. A 2016 report from multinational banking firm [[Goldman Sachs]] describes Generation Z as those born since 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8mZx4o32vs|title=Gen-Z Matters More than Millennials|last=Wolf|first=Christopher|date=4 March 2016|publisher=Goldman Sachs|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref>
[[MTV]] described Generation Z as those born after December 2000, for a survey conducted by the network regarding possible names for the cohort. The Asia Business Unit of Corporate Directions, Inc describes Gen Z as born between 2001-2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cdiasiabusiness.com/en/library/detail.html?p=299|title=THE THAI MARKET TO WATCH AND THEIR PLAYERS: GENERATION Y – THE DRIVING FORCE OF CONSUMPTION TRENDS IN THAILAND|date=15 March 2016|publisher=Corporate Directions Inc|accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref> and Philippine Retailers Association describes Generation Z as born after 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.philretailers.com/introducing-the-tech-savvy-generation-z/|title=Introducing the tech-savvy Generation Z|date=16 September 2016|publisher=Philippine Retailers Association|accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref>
The American Marketing Association describes Generation Z as those born after, or just before, [[Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001|September 11, 2001]], suggesting the cohort should be dubbed ''Gen 9/11'' arguing "all children who don’t remember Sept. 11, 2001, will experience a world totally different from all generations that preceded it".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ama.org/publications/eNewsletters/MarketingInsightsNewsletter/Pages/whats-after-the-millennials-a-case-for-gen-911.aspx|title=Who Comes After the Millennials?: A Case for ‘Gen 9/11’|last=Fishman|first=Ann|date=Aug 2015|publisher=American Marketing Association}}</ref>
Author Neil Howe defines the cohort as people born from approximately 2000–2025, but describes the dividing line between Generation Z and Millennials as "tentative" saying, "you can’t be sure where history will someday draw a cohort dividing line until a generation fully comes of age". Howe says that the Millennials' range beginning in 1982 points to the next generation's window starting between 2000 and 2006.
== Characteristics ==
According to ''[[Forbes]]'' (2015), the generation after Millennials, Generation Z, which they defined as people born from the mid 1990's to the early 2010's, made up 25%<ref name="Dill, Kathryn">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryndill/2015/11/06/7-things-employers-should-know-about-the-gen-z-workforce/|title=7 Things Employers Should Know About The Gen Z Workforce|date=6 November 2015|work=Forbes|accessdate=12 November 2015|author=Dill, Kathryn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://atlasbusinessjournal.org/generating-lifelong-loyal-brand-gen-z-consumers/|title=A Look Into the Minds of Generation Z Consumers|date=2016-12-29|work=The Atlas Business Journal|newspaper=The Atlas Business Journal|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> of the U.S. population, making them a larger cohort than the Baby Boomers or Millennials. Frank N. Magid Associates estimates that in the United States, 55% of Generation Z are non-Hispanic whites, 24% are Hispanic, 14% are African-American, 4% are Asian, and 4% are multiracial or other.<ref name="Magid">Frank N. Magid Associates. [http://magid.com/sites/default/files/pdf/MagidPluralistGenerationWhitepaper.pdf "The First Generation of the Twenty First Century."] Σφάλμα στο πρότυπο webarchive: Ελέγξτε την τιμή <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>. Empty.
[[Κατηγορία:Σφάλματα προτύπου Webarchive]]
30 April 2012</ref>
Generation Z are predominantly the children of Generation X,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html|title=Move Over, Millennials, Here Comes Generation Z|last=Williams|first=Alex|date=18 September 2015|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.acui.org/Publications/The_Bulletin/2014/2014-10/26390/|title=Gen Z: Unlike the Generation Before|last=Beltramini|first=Elizabeth|date=October 2014|publisher=Associations of College Unions International|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business2community.com/social-data/15-aspects-that-highlight-how-generation-z-is-different-from-millennials-01244940#4QkQVw62SQVFe3hk.97|title=15 Aspects That Highlight How Generation Z Is Different From Millennials|last=Jenkins|first=Ryan|date=9 June 2015|publisher=Business2Community|accessdate=29 March 2016}}</ref> but they also have parents who are Millennials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aarp.org/home-family/friends-family/info-2016/technology-and-millennials-children-mq.html|title=The Scoop on Millennials' Offspring — Gen Z|last=Quigley|first=Mary|date=7 July 2016|publisher=AARP|accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref> According to the marketing firm Frank N. Magid they are "the least likely to believe that there is such a thing as the [[Αμερικανικό Όνειρο|American Dream]]" because "Generation X, the most influential parents of Plurals (Generation Z), demonstrates the least credence in the concept of the American Dream among adult generations." According to Public Relations Society of America, the [[Παγκόσμια οικονομική ύφεση 2008|Great Recession]] has taught Generation Z to be independent, and has led to an entrepreneurial desire, after seeing their parents and older siblings struggle in the workforce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsa.org/Intelligence/Tactics/Articles/view/11057/1110/Move_Over_Millennials_Here_Comes_Generation_Z_Unde#.VmmUABorKi5|title=Move Over Millennials, Here Comes Generation Z: Understanding the 'New Realists' Who Are Building the Future|last=Dupont|first=Stephen|date=10 December 2015|website=Public Relations Tactics|publisher=Public Relations Society of America}}</ref>
A 2013 survey by Ameritrade found that 47% of Generation Z in the United States (considered here to be those between the ages of 14 and 23) were concerned about student debt, while 36% were worried about being able to afford a college education at all.<ref name="Forbes2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jmaureenhenderson/2013/07/31/move-over-millennials-why-twentysomethings-should-fear-teens/|title=Move Over, Millennials: Why 20-Somethings Should Fear Teens|last=Henderson, J Maureen|date=31 July 2013|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref> This generation is faced with a growing income gap and a shrinking middle-class, which all have led to increasing stress levels in families.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Generation Z: Technology and Social Interest|last=Turner|first=Anthony|date=1 June 2015|journal=Journal of Individual Psychology}}</ref>
Both the [[Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001|September 11 terrorist attacks]] and the [[Παγκόσμια οικονομική ύφεση 2008|Great Recession]] have greatly influenced the attitudes of this generation in the United States. Since even the oldest members of Generation Z were young children or not yet born when the 9/11 attacks occurred, there is no generational memory of a time the United States was not at war with the loosely defined forces of global terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2012-06-27/generation-z-work-millenials-social-media-graduates/55845098/1|title=Column: High-maintenance Generation Z heads to work|website=USATODAY.COM|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/you-x-y-z-boomer-3950868|title=Are you X, Y, Z, Boomer or Silent Generation – what does it mean for you?|last=Palmer|first=Alun|date=1 August 2014}}</ref> Turner suggests it is likely that both events have resulted in a feeling of unsettlement and insecurity among the people of Generation Z with the environment in which they were being raised. The economic recession of 2008 is particularly important to historical events that have shaped Generation Z, due to the ways in which their childhoods may have been affected by the recession's shadow; that is, the financial stresses felt by their parents. Although the Millennials experienced these events during their coming of age, Generation Z lived through them as part of their childhood, affecting their realism and world-view.<ref name="Williams">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html?_r=0|title=Move Over, Millennials, Here Comes Generation Z|last=Williams|first=Alex|date=18 September 2015|work=New York Times|newspaper=New York Times|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref>
A 2014 study ''Generation Z Goes to College'' found that Generation Z students self-identify as being loyal, compassionate, thoughtful, open-minded, responsible, and determined.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Generation Z Goes to College|first=Corey|last=Seemiller|publisher=Jossey-Bass|isbn=978-1-119-14345-1|year=2016|location=|pages=}}</ref> How they see their Generation Z peers is quite different from their own self-identity. They view their peers as competitive, spontaneous, adventuresome, and curious; all characteristics that they do not see readily in themselves. In addition, some authors consider that some of their competencies, such as reading competence, are being transformed due to their familiarity with digital devices, platforms and texts.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.3916/C52-2017-10|title=Digital Reading and Reading Competence – The influence in the Z Generation from the Dominican Republic|last=Amiama-Espaillat|first=Cristina|last2=Mayor-Ruiz|first2=Cristina|date=2017|journal=Comunicar|issue=52|doi=10.3916/c52-2017-10|volume=25|pages=105–114|language=es|issn=1134-3478}}</ref>
A 2016 U.S. study found that church attendance during young adulthood was 41% among Generation Z, compared to 18 percent for Millennials at the same ages, 21 percent of Generation X, and 26 percent of baby boomers.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dap.30174/abstract|title=Get your campus ready for Generation Z|last=Hope|first=J|journal=Dean & Provost|issue=8|doi=10.1002/dap.30174|year=2016|volume=17|pages=1–7}}</ref>
Generation Z is generally more risk-averse in certain activities than earlier generations. In 2013, 66% of teenagers (older members of Generation Z) had tried alcohol, down from 82% in 1991. Also in 2013, 8% of Gen. Z teenagers never or rarely wear a [[Ζώνη ασφαλείας|seat belt]] when riding in a car with someone else, as opposed to 26% in 1991.
Research from the Annie E. Casey Foundation conducted in 2016 found Generation Z youth had lower teen pregnancy rates, less substance abuse, and higher on-time high school graduation rates compared with Millennials. The researchers compared teens from 2008 and 2014 and found a 40% drop in teen pregnancy, a 38% drop in drug and alcohol abuse, and a 28% drop in the percentage of teens who did not graduate on time from high school.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/generation-z-breaks-records-in-education-and-health-despite-growing-economic-instability-of-their-families-300287848.html|title=Generation Z Breaks Records in Education and Health Despite Growing Economic Instability of Their Families|date=21 June 2016|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=22 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/rulesforengagement/2016/06/teenagers_health_educational_outcomes_improving_report_finds.html|title=Teenagers' Health, Educational Outcomes Improving, Report Finds|last=Blad|first=Evie|date=21 June 2016|publisher=Education Week|accessdate=22 June 2016}}</ref>
According to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', Generation Z is keen to look after their money and make the world a better place. In a quote by journalist Harry Wallop, he states, "Unlike the older Gen Y, they are smarter, safer, more mature and want to change the world. Their pin-up is [[Μαλάλα Γιουσαφζάι|Malala Yousafzai]], the Pakistani education campaigner, who survived being shot by the [[Ταλιμπάν|Taliban]], and who became the world's youngest ever [[Βραβείο Νόμπελ|Nobel Prize]] recipient."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/11002767/Gen-Z-Gen-Y-baby-boomers-a-guide-to-the-generations.html|title=Gen Z, Gen Y, baby boomers – a guide to the generations|work=Telegraph.co.uk|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=2016-10-24}}</ref>
=== Technology and social media ===
[[Αρχείο:Children_at_school_(8720604364).jpg|μικρογραφία|Generation Z was the first generation to have widespread access to the Internet from an early age.]]
Generation Z is the first cohort to have Internet technology readily available at a young age.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1|last=Prensky|first=Marc|date=2001|journal=On the Horizon}}</ref> With the web revolution that occurred throughout the 1990s, they have been exposed to an unprecedented amount of technology in their upbringing. As technology became more compact and affordable, the popularity of smartphones in the United States grew exponentially. With 77% of 12–17 year olds owning a cellphone in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lookout.com/resources/reports/smartphone-family-guide|title=Lookout|website=www.lookout.com|accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref> technology has strongly influenced Generation Z in terms of communication and education. [[Forbes]] suggested that by the time Generation Z entered the workplace, digital technology would be an aspect of almost all career paths. Anthony Turner characterizes Generation Z as having a 'digital bond to the Internet', and argues that it may help youth to escape from emotional and mental struggles they face offline.<ref name="turner">{{Cite journal|title=Generation Z: Technology And Social Interest|last=Turner|first=Anthony|journal=Journal of Individual Psychology|issue=2|doi=10.1353/jip.2015.0021|year=2015|volume=71|pages=103–113}}</ref> According to U.S. consultants Sparks and Honey in 2014, 41% of Generation Z spend more than three hours per day using computers for purposes other than schoolwork, compared with 22% in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fr.slideshare.net/sparksandhoney/generation-z-final-june-17/39-They_are_hyperaware_and_concernedabout|title=Meet Generation Z: Forget Everything You Learned About Millennials|date=17 June 2014|publisher=Sparks and Honey|page=39|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref>
In 2015, Generation Z composed the largest portion of the U.S. population, at nearly 26%, edging out Millennials (24.5%), and this group is estimated to generate $44 billion in annual spending. About three-quarters of 13–17 years olds use their cellphones daily, more than they watch TV. Over half of surveyed mothers say the demo influences them in purchasing decisions for toys, apparel, dinner choices, entertainment, TV, mobile and computers. Among social media, Instagram and Snapchat are the most popular in the demo.
In 2015, an estimated 150,000 apps, 10% of those in Apple's [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], were educational and aimed at children up to college level.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/tech-ed/should-students-use-their-smartphones-as-learning-tools/|title=Should CellPhones Be Allowed in School?|website=education.cu-portland.edu|accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref> While researchers and parents agree the change in educational paradigm is significant, the results of the changes are mixed. On one hand, smartphones offer the potential for deeper involvement in learning and more individualized instruction, thereby making this generation potentially better educated and more well-rounded. On the other hand, some researchers and parents are concerned that the prevalence of smart phones may cause technology dependence<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-01/bumc-mai013015.php|title=Mobile and interactive media use by young children: The good, the bad and the unknown|website=EurekAlert!|accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref> and a lack of self-regulation that may hinder child development.
An online newspaper about texting, [[Short Message Service|SMS]] and MMS writes that teens own cellphones without necessarily needing them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://textually.org/textually/archives/2005/03/007687.htm|title=Owning a cell phone is rite of passage for teenagers|last=Regine|date=28 March 2005|website=Textuality.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211130032/http://textually.org/textually/archives/2005/03/007687.htm|archivedate=11 December 2015|dead-url=yes|accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref> As children become teenagers, receiving a phone is considered a rite of passage in some countries, allowing the owner to be further connected with their peers and it is now a social norm to have one at an early age. An article from the Pew Research Center stated that "nearly three-quarters of teens have or have access to a smartphone and 30% have a basic phone, while just 12% of teens 13 to 17 say they have no cell phone of any type".<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015|title=Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015|last=Lenhart|first=Amanda|date=8 April 2015|website=Pew Research Center|publisher=Pew Research Center Internet Science Tech RSS|accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref> These numbers are only on the rise and the fact that the majority of Gen Z's own a cell phone has become one of this generations defining characteristics. As a result of this "24% of teens go online 'almost constantly'".
One study has shown that teenagers in 2012 were more likely to share different types of information than teenagers in 2006 were.<ref name="Madden">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/|title=Teens, Social Media, and Privacy.|last=Madden|first=Mary|date=21 May 2013|work=Pew Research Center|display-authors=etal|accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref> However, they will take certain steps to protect certain information that they do not want being shared. They are more likely to "follow" others on social media than "share" and use different types of social media for different purposes. Focus group testing found that while teens may be annoyed by many aspects of Facebook, they continue to use it because participation is important in terms of socializing with friends and peers. [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] are seen to be gaining popularity in member of Generation Z, with 24% (and growing) of teens with access to the Internet having Twitter accounts. This is, in part, due to parents not typically using these social networking sites. [[Snapchat]] is also seen to have gained attraction in Generation Z because videos, pictures, and messages send much faster on it than in regular messaging. Speed and reliability are important factors in members of Generation Z choice of social networking platform. This need for quick communication is presented in popular Generation Z apps like Vine and the prevalent use of emojis.
One study found that young people use the Internet as a way to gain access to information and to interact with others. Mobile technology, social media, and Internet use have become increasingly important to modern adolescents over the past decade. Very few, however, are changed from what they gain access to online.<ref name="Borca 49–58">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563215004008|title=Internet use and developmental tasks: Adolescents' point of view|last=Borca|first=Gabriella|last2=Bina|first2=Manuela|date=1 November 2015|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.029|volume=52|pages=49–58|last3=Keller|first3=Peggy S.|last4=Gilbert|first4=Lauren R.|last5=Begotti|first5=Tatiana}}</ref> Youths are using the Internet as a tool to gain social skills, that they then apply to real life situations, and learn about things that interest them. Teens spend most of their time online in private communication with people they interact with outside the Internet on a regular basis. While social media is used for keeping up with global news and connections, it is mainly used for developing and maintaining relationships with people with whom they are close in proximity. The use of social media has become integrated into the daily lives of most Gen Z'ers who have access to mobile technology. They use it on a daily basis to keep in contact with friends and family, particularly those who they see every day. As a result, the increased use of mobile technology has caused Gen Z'ers to spend more time on their smartphones, and social media and has caused online relationship development to become a new generational norm.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Internet Use|last=Borca}}</ref> Gen Z'ers are generally against the idea of "photoshopping" (deleting imperfections in photos) and they are against changing themselves to be considered perfect. The parents of the Gen Z'ers fear the overuse of the Internet by their children. Parents dislike the ease of access to inappropriate information and images as well as social networking sites where children can gain access to people worldwide. Children reversely feel annoyed with their parents and complain about parents being overly controlling when it comes to their Internet usage. Gen Z uses social media and other sites to strengthen bonds with friends and to develop new ones. They interact with people who they otherwise would not have met in the real world, becoming a tool for identity creation.
They are the first generation to grow up in the public eye, and updating their lives on social media makes them a self-conscious generation. As a result, they experience more social pressure than previous generations. This exposure to technology has influenced their expectations and behavior. The boom of social media has a psychological impact on Generation Z because they attach great importance to personal appearance. According to the recent report by Fung Global, Generation Zers spent around $829.5 billion with $66 billion of which spent on discretionary categories, while most of the expenses were spent on essential categories: housing, good, transportation and so on.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gen Z: Get Ready for the Most Self-Conscious, Demanding Consumer Segment|last=DEBORAH|first=WEINSWIG|date=August 29, 2016|accessdate=May 22, 2017|issue=FUNG GLOBAL RETAIL & TECHNOLOGY|page=2}}</ref> The survey of US teenagers from an advertising agency J. Walter Thomson claims that the majority of teenagers are concerned about how their posting will be perceived by people or their friends. 72% of respondents said they were using social media on a daily basis, and 82% said they thought carefully about what they post on social media. Moreover, 43% said they had regrets about previous posts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jwt.com/blog/consumer_insights/meet-generation-z-in-j-walter-thompson-companys-latest-trend-report/|title=CONSUMER INSIGHTS, J. WALTER THOMPSON INTELLIGENCE Meet Generation Z|last=J. Walter Thompson|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref>
Jason Dorsey, who runs the Center for Generational Kinetics, stated in a TEDxHouston talk that this generation begins after 1996 to present. He stressed notable differences in the way that Millennials and Generation Z consume technology, in terms of smartphone usage at an earlier age. 18% of Generation Z thinks that it is okay for a 13-year-old to have a smartphone compared with earlier generations that say 4%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jasondorsey.com/tedx-talk-igen-gen-z/|title=Jason Dorsey TEDx Talk On Generation After Millennials: iGen Gen Z|website=Jason Dorsey|language=en-US|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=What do we know about the generation after millennials? {{!}} Jason Dorsey {{!}} TEDxHouston|date=18 November 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4f16o9Q0XGE|access-date=6 April 2016|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://genhq.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/iGen-Gen-Z-Tech-Disruption-Research-White-Paper-c-2016-Center-for-Generational-Kinetics.pdf|title=iGen Tech Disruption|last=Dorsey|first=Jason|date=2016|journal=Center for Generational Kinetics|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref>
The development of technology gave mobility and immediacy to Generation Z's consumption habits. The on-demand economy, defined as “the economic activity created by technology companies that fulfill consumer demand via the immediate provisioning of goods and service”,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-on-demand-economy-2014-7|title=The 'On-Demand Economy' Is Revolutionizing Consumer Behavior|last=Mike|first=Jaconi|website=Tech Insider|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> has made changes in the way goods or services are delivered to consumers. Only the generation that grows up in the center of this transformation period will establish themselves as an immediacy demanding consumer.
== Education ==
According to a Northeastern University Survey, 81% of Generation Z believes obtaining a college degree is necessary in achieving career goals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northeastern.edu/news/2014/11/generation-z-survey/|title='Generation Z' is entrepreneurial, wants to chart its own future {{!}} news @ Northeastern|website=www.northeastern.edu|accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref> As Generation Z enters high school, and they start preparing for college, a primary concern is paying for a college education without acquiring debt. Students report working hard in high school in hopes of earning scholarships and the hope that parents will pay the college costs not covered by scholarships. Students also report interest in ROTC programs as a means of covering college costs.<ref name="Hawkins">{{Cite web|url=http://neatoday.org/2015/07/13/here-comes-generation-z-what-makes-them-tick/|title=Here Comes Generation Z. What Makes Them Tick?|last=Hawkins|first=B. Denise|website=NEA Today|accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref> According to ''NeaToday'', a publication by the National Education Association, two thirds of Gen Zers entering college are concerned about affording college. One third plan to rely on grants and scholarships and one quarter hope that their parents will cover the bulk of college costs. While the cost of attending college is incredibly high for most Gen Zers, according to ''NeaToday'', 65% say the benefits of graduating college exceed the costs.
Generation Z college students prefer intrapersonal and independent learning over group work, yet like to do their individual work alongside others when studying. They like their learning to be practical and hands-on and want their professors to help them engage with and apply the content rather than simply share what they could otherwise find on their own online.
"Generation Z" is revolutionizing the educational system in many aspects. Thanks in part to a rise in the popularity of entrepreneurship and advancements in technology, high schools and colleges across the globe are including entrepreneurship in their curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northeastern.edu/news/2014/11/generation-z-survey/|title=‘Generation Z’ is entrepreneurial, wants to chart its own future – news @ Northeastern}}</ref> Parents of Generation Z might have the image of their child’s first business being a lemonade stand or car wash. While these are great first businesses, Generation Z now has access to social media platforms, website builders, 3d printers, and drop shipping platforms which provides them with additional opportunities to start a business at a young age. The internet has provided a store front for Generation Z to sell their ideas to people around the world without ever leaving their house.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrschool.com/can-a-kid-start-a-business/|title=‘Can a kid start a business?’|website=Entrepreneur School|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>
== Political views ==
According to the Hispanic Heritage Foundation, U.S. members of Generation Z tend to be more [[Συντηρητισμός|conservative]] than Millennials. According to a survey of 83,298 Gen Z-aged students (defined here as those aged 14 to 18 in 2016) in the United States done by My College Options and the Hispanic Heritage Foundation in September and October 2016, 32% of participants supported [[Ντόναλντ Τραμπ|Donald Trump]], while 22% supported [[Χίλαρι Κλίντον|Hillary Clinton]] with 31% choosing to not vote in the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hispanicheritage.org/50000-generation-z-high-school-students-identify-republican/|title=50k 'Gen Z' Students Identify as Republican – Hispanic Heritage Foundation|website=hispanicheritage.org|accessdate=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trumping-the-super-youth-vote-too_us_58a219a7e4b0cd37efcfebc9|title=Trumping the Super Youth Vote Too|last=Tijerino|first=Antonio|publisher=Huffington Post|issue=13 February 2017|accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref> By contrast, in a 2016 mock election of upper elementary, middle, and high school students conducted by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Hillary Clinton beat Donald Trump among the students, with Clinton receiving 46% of the vote, Donald Trump receiving 41%, and other candidates receiving 12%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hmhco.com/media-center/press-releases/2016/october/one-vote-2016-results|title=America’s Youth Have Spoken: Hillary Clinton Is Generation Z’s Choice for President|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref>
[[Goldman Sachs]] analysts Robert Boroujerdi and Christopher Wolf describe Generation Z as "more conservative, more money-oriented, more entrepreneurial and pragmatic about money compared with Millennials".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/goldman-sachs-chart-of-the-generations-and-gen-z-2015-12|title=Goldman Sachs chart of the generations|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=6 February 2016}}</ref> According to a 2016 survey published from ''The Gild'', a global brand consultancy, British Gen Zers, defined here as those born 2001 and onwards, are more conservative than Millennials, Gen Xers and Baby Boomers with respect to marijuana legalization, [[Τρανς|transgender]] issues and same sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.marcomm.news/gen-z-is-the-most-conservative-generation-since-those-born-before-1945/|title=Gen Z is the most conservative generation since those born before 1945|date=22 October 2016|publisher=Marketing Communication News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022215519/http://www.marcomm.news/gen-z-is-the-most-conservative-generation-since-those-born-before-1945/|archive-date=22 October 2016|dead-url=yes|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>
In a study conducted in 2015 the Center for Generational Kinetics found that American Generation Zers, defined here as those born 1996 and onwards, are less optimistic about the state of the US economy than their generation predecessors, Millennials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://genhq.com/igen-gen-z-stance-on-politics-infographic/|title=Infographic: Gen Z Voter and Political Views Election 2016}}</ref> In the same study, American Gen Zers were found to be less optimistic about the United States' trajectory in general, less concerned about illegal immigration than previous generations, and more concerned about the state of minorities in the US. Despite this, 78% of American Gen Zers believed the American Dream was attainable.{{Εκκρεμεί παραπομπή}}
According to a 2017 review in ''Business Insider'', American members of Generation Z have comparable rates of supporting same-sex marriage, climate change, environmental issues, and diversity to American millennial, but differ from Millennials in that they exhibit less optimism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/generation-z-profile-2017-9/|title=Meet Generation Z, the 'millennials on steroids' who could lead the charge for change in the US|last=Kane|first=Libby|date=4 December 2017|publisher=Business Insider}}</ref>
== Employment prospects ==
According to Hal Brotheim in ''Introducing Generation Z'', they will be better future employees.<ref name="Brotheim">{{Cite book|title=Introducing Generation Z|first=Hal|last=Brotheim|publisher=American Jail Association.|date=2014|page=15}}</ref> With the skills needed to take advantage of advanced technologies, they will be significantly more helpful to the typical company in today's high tech world. Brotheim argues that their valuable characteristics are their acceptance of new ideas and a different conception of freedom from the previous generations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimberlyfries/2017/09/25/5-reasons-why-millennial-leaders-need-performance-feedback/|title=5 Reasons Why Millennial Leaders Need Performance Feedback|date=22 September 2017|accessdate=28 September 2017}}</ref>
Despite the technological proficiency they possess, members of Generation Z actually prefer person-to-person contact as opposed to online interaction. As a result of the social media and technology they are accustomed to, Generation Z is well prepared for a global business environment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/jobs/make-way-for-generation-z.html|title=Make Way for Generation Z|last=Levit|first=Alexandra|date=28 March 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Another important note to point out is Generation Z no longer wants just a job: they seek more than that. They want a feeling of fulfillment and excitement in their job that helps move the world forward. Generation Z is eager to be involved in their community and their futures. Before college, Generation Z is already out in their world searching how to take advantage of relevant professional opportunities that will give them experience for the future.
In [[Ινδία|India]], a 2016 survey by JobBuzz.in, an employee engagement and employer rating platform, showed Generation Z professionals started out better in the job market compared with the older Generation Y.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www2.staffingindustry.com/row/Editorial/Daily-News/India-Generation-Z-professionals-start-out-better-in-jobs-market-than-Generation-Y-37865|title=India – Generation Z professionals start out better in jobs market than Generation Y|publisher=Staffing Industry Analysis|issue=10 May 2016|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref>
In the [[Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο|United Kingdom]], Generation Z will be the first to enter the employment market post the UK's departure from the EU ([[Έξοδος του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση|Brexit]]),They will be the first to have little experience of adult life inside the EU.
== Successors ==
Matt Carmichael, former director of data strategy at ''Advertising Age'', noted in 2015 that many groups were "competing to come up with the clever name" for the generation following Generation Z. Mark McCrindle has suggested "Generation Alpha" and "Generation Glass" as names for the cohort following Generation Z.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/19/fashion/meet-alpha-the-next-next-generation.html|title=Meet Alpha: The Next 'Next Generation'|last=Williams, Alex|date=19 September 2015|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The ABC of XYZ|first=Mark|last=McCrindle|publisher=University of New South Wales|isbn=978-1-74223-035-1|date=2010|location=Australia|url=http://theabcofxyz.com/}}</ref> McCrindle has predicted that this next generation will be "the most formally educated generation ever, the most technology supplied generation ever, and globally the wealthiest generation ever". He chose the name "Generation Alpha", noting that scientific disciplines often move to the [[Ελληνικό αλφάβητο|Greek alphabet]] after exhausting the [[Λατινικό αλφάβητο|Roman alphabet]].<ref name="Sterbenz, Christina">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Heres-who-comes-after-Generation-Z-and-theyre-going-to-change-the-world-forever/articleshow/50060434.cms|title=Here's who comes after Generation Z – and they're going to change the world forever|date=6 December 2015|work=Business Insider|accessdate=10 December 2015|author=Sterbenz, Christina}}</ref>
Author Alexandra Levit has suggested that there may not be a need to name the next generation, as she sees technology as having rendered the traditional 15–20 year cohorts obsolete. Levit notes that she "can't imagine my college student babysitter having the same experience as my four-year-old", despite both being in Generation Z.<ref name="fortune">{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/08/10/generation-z/|title=What comes after Generation Z?|last=Vanderkam, Laura|date=10 August 2015|publisher=Fortune|accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
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