Χρήστης:Dmtrs32/πρόχειρο: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

Περιεχόμενο που διαγράφηκε Περιεχόμενο που προστέθηκε
Γραμμή 115:
It is unclear whether the memory B cells undergo further affinity maturation within these secondary GCs.<ref name=":13" />
 
== Τύποι Β κυττάρων B cell types ==
*Plasmablast-Ένα βραχύβιο, πολλαπλασιαζόμενο κύτταρο που εκκρίνει αντισώματα που προκύπτει από τη διαφοροποίηση των Β κυττάρων.
*Plasmablast – A short-lived, proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> Plasmablasts are generated early in an infection and their antibodies tend to have a weaker affinity towards their target antigen compared to plasma cell.<ref name=":8" /> Plasmablasts can result from T cell-independent activation of B cells or the extrafollicular response from T cell-dependent activation of B cells.<ref name=":0" />
*Plasmablast – A short-lived, proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> Οι πλασμαβλάστες δημιουργούνται νωρίς σε μια λοίμωξη και τα αντισώματα τους τείνουν να έχουν ασθενέστερη συγγένεια προς το αντιγόνο στόχο τους σε σύγκριση με τα κύτταρα πλάσματος.
*[[Plasma cell]] – A long-lived, non-proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> There is evidence that B cells first differentiate into a plasmablast-like cell, then differentiate into a plasma cell.<ref name=":8" /> Plasma cells are generated later in an infection and, compared to plasmablasts, have antibodies with a higher affinity towards their target antigen due to affinity maturation in the germinal center (GC) and produce more antibodies.<ref name=":8" /> Plasma cells typically result from the germinal center reaction from T cell-dependent activation of B cells, however they can also result from T cell-independent activation of B cells.<ref name=":11" />
Plasmablasts are generated early in an infection and their antibodies tend to have a weaker affinity towards their target antigen compared to plasma cell.<ref name=":8" /> Οι πλασμαβλάστες μπορούν να προκύψουν από την ανεξάρτητη ενεργοποίηση των Β κυττάρων από τα Τ κύτταρα ή την εξωφολιδική απόκριση από την εξαρτώμενη από Τ κύτταρα ενεργοποίηση των Β κυττάρων.
Plasmablasts can result from T cell-independent activation of B cells or the extrafollicular response from T cell-dependent activation of B cells.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Κύτταρο πλάσματος]]-Ένα μακρόβιο, μη πολλαπλασιαζόμενο κύτταρο που εκκρίνει αντισώματα που προκύπτει από τη διαφοροποίηση των κυττάρων Β.
*[[Plasma cell]] – A long-lived, non-proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> Υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ότι τα Β κύτταρα αρχικά διαφοροποιούνται σε κύτταρα που μοιάζουν με πλασμαβλάστες και στη συνέχεια διαφοροποιούνται σε κύτταρα πλάσματος.
There is evidence that B cells first differentiate into a plasmablast-like cell, then differentiate into a plasma cell.<ref name=":8" /> Τα πλασματοκύτταρα δημιουργούνται αργότερα σε λοίμωξη και, σε σύγκριση με τους πλασμαβλάστες, έχουν αντισώματα με μεγαλύτερη συγγένεια προς το αντιγόνο -στόχο τους λόγω της ωρίμανσης της συγγένειας στο βλαστικό κέντρο (GC) και παράγουν περισσότερα αντισώματα.
Plasma cells are generated later in an infection and, compared to plasmablasts, have antibodies with a higher affinity towards their target antigen due to affinity maturation in the germinal center (GC) and produce more antibodies.<ref name=":8" /> Τα πλασματοκύτταρα τυπικά προκύπτουν από την αντίδραση του βλαστικού κέντρου από την εξαρτώμενη από Τ κύτταρα ενεργοποίηση Β κυττάρων, ωστόσο μπορούν επίσης να προκύψουν από ανεξάρτητη ενεργοποίηση Β κυττάρων από Τ κύτταρα.
Plasma cells typically result from the germinal center reaction from T cell-dependent activation of B cells, however they can also result from T cell-independent activation of B cells.<ref name=":11" />
*Λεμφοπλασματοκυτταρικό κύτταρο - Ένα κύτταρο με μίγμα μορφολογικών χαρακτηριστικών λεμφοκυττάρων Β και κυττάρων πλάσματος που πιστεύεται ότι σχετίζεται στενά με ή έναν υποτύπο κυττάρων πλάσματος. Αυτός ο τύπος κυττάρου βρίσκεται σε προ-κακοήθεις και κακοήθεις [[κυτταροπλαστικές δυσκρασίες]] που σχετίζονται με την έκκριση [[IgM]] μονοκλωνικών πρωτεϊνών. Αυτές οι δυσκρασίες περιλαμβάνουν [[Δισκρασία κυττάρων πλάσματος#IgM MGUS | μονοκλωνική γαμοπάθεια IgM απροσδιόριστης σημασίας]] και [[Μακροσφαιριναιμία του Waldenström]].
*Lymphoplasmacytoid cell – A cell with a mixture of B lymphocyte and plasma cell morphological features that is thought to be closely related to or a subtype of plasma cells. This cell type is found in pre-malignant and malignant [[plasma cell dyscrasia]]s that are associated with the secretion of [[IgM]] monoclonal proteins; these dyscrasias include [[Plasma cell dyscrasia#IgM MGUS|IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance]] and [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]].<ref name="pmid25899140">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ribourtout B, Zandecki M | title = Plasma cell morphology in multiple myeloma and related disorders | journal = Morphologie: Bulletin de l'Association des Anatomistes | volume = 99 | issue = 325 | pages = 38–62 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25899140 | doi = 10.1016/j.morpho.2015.02.001 }}</ref>
*[[Κύτταρο μνήμης Β]] - Κοιμισμένο Β κύτταρο που προκύπτει από τη διαφοροποίηση των Β κυττάρων.
*[[Memory B cell]] – Dormant B cell arising from B cell differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> Their function is to circulate through the body and initiate a stronger, more rapid antibody response (known as the anamnestic secondary antibody response) if they detect the antigen that had activated their parent B cell (memory B cells and their parent B cells share the same BCR, thus they detect the same antigen).<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|title = Memory B cells|journal = Nature Reviews Immunology|date = 2015-01-01|volume = 15|issue = 3|pages = 149–59|doi = 10.1038/nri3802|pmid = 25677494|first1 = Tomohiro|last1 = Kurosaki|first2 = Kohei|last2 = Kometani|first3 = Wataru|last3 = Ise|s2cid = 20825732}}</ref> Memory B cells can be generated from T cell-dependent activation through both the extrafollicular response and the germinal center reaction as well as from T cell-independent activation of B1 cells.<ref name=":12" />
*[[Memory B cell]] – Dormant B cell arising from B cell differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> Η λειτουργία τους είναι να κυκλοφορούν στο σώμα και να ενεργοποιούν μια ισχυρότερη, ταχύτερη απόκριση αντισωμάτων (γνωστή ως δευτερογενής αντιμνηστική αντίδραση) εάν εντοπίσουν το αντιγόνο που είχε ενεργοποιήσει το γονικό τους κύτταρο Β (τα κύτταρα μνήμης Β και τα γονικά Β κύτταρά τους μοιράζονται το ίδιο BCR, έτσι ανιχνεύουν το ίδιο αντιγόνο).
*B-2 cell – FO B cells and MZ B cells.<ref name=":14" />
*[[Memory B cell]] – Dormant B cell arising from B cell differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> Their function is to circulate through the body and initiate a stronger, more rapid antibody response (known as the anamnestic secondary antibody response) if they detect the antigen that had activated their parent B cell (memory B cells and their parent B cells share the same BCR, thus they detect the same antigen).<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|title = Memory B cells|journal = Nature Reviews Immunology|date = 2015-01-01|volume = 15|issue = 3|pages = 149–59|doi = 10.1038/nri3802|pmid = 25677494|first1 = Tomohiro|last1 = Kurosaki|first2 = Kohei|last2 = Kometani|first3 = Wataru|last3 = Ise|s2cid = 20825732}}</ref> MemoryΤα Bκύτταρα cellsμνήμης canΒ beμπορούν generatedνα fromδημιουργηθούν Tαπό cell-dependentτην activationεξαρτώμενη throughαπό bothΤ theκύτταρα extrafollicularενεργοποίηση responseτόσο andμέσω theτης germinalεξωθυλακικής centerαπόκρισης reactionόσο asκαι wellτης asαντίδρασης fromτου Tβλαστικού cell-independentκέντρου, activationκαθώς ofκαι B1από cells.<refτην name=":12"ανεξάρτητη />από τα Τ κύτταρα ενεργοποίηση των Β1 κυττάρων.
**[[Follicular B Cells|Follicular (FO) B Cell]] (also known as a B-2 cell) – Most common type of B cell and, when not circulating through the blood, is found mainly in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs).<ref name=":8" /> They are responsible for generating the majority of high-affinity antibodies during an infection.<ref name=":0" />
Memory B cells can be generated from T cell-dependent activation through both the extrafollicular response and the germinal center reaction as well as from T cell-independent activation of B1 cells.<ref name=":12" />
**[[Marginal-zone B cell|Marginal zone (MZ) B cell]] – Found mainly in the marginal zone of the spleen and serves as a first line of defense against blood-borne pathogens, as the marginal zone receives large amounts of blood from the general circulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Marginal Zone B Cells|journal = Annual Review of Immunology|date = 2005-01-01|pmid = 15771569|pages = 161–196|volume = 23|issue = 1|doi = 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115728|first1 = Shiv|last1 = Pillai|first2 = Annaiah|last2 = Cariappa|first3 = Stewart T.|last3 = Moran}}</ref> They can undergo both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent activation, but preferentially undergo T cell-independent activation.<ref name=":8" />
**Κύτταρο Β-2-κύτταρα FO Β και κύτταρα ΜΖ Β.B-2 cell – FO B cells and MZ B cells.<ref name=":14" />
*[[B-1 cell]] – Arises from a developmental pathway different from FO B cells and MZ B cells.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|title = The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions|journal = Nature Reviews Immunology|date = 2010-01-01|volume = 11|issue = 1|pages = 34–46|doi = 10.1038/nri2901|pmid = 21151033|first = Nicole|last = Baumgarth|s2cid = 23355423}}</ref> In mice, they predominantly populate the [[peritoneal cavity]] and [[pleural cavity]], generate [[Antibody#Natural antibodies|natural antibodies]] (antibodies produced without infection), defend against mucosal pathogens, and primarily exhibit T cell-independent activation.<ref name=":14" /> A true homologue of mouse B-1 cells has not been discovered in humans, though various cell populations similar to B-1 cells have been described.<ref name=":14" />
**[[Follicular B Cells | Follicular (FO) B Cell]] (επίσης γνωστό ως κύτταρο Β-2)-Ο πιο κοινός τύπος Β κυττάρου και, όταν δεν κυκλοφορεί μέσω του αίματος, βρίσκεται κυρίως στα λεμφοειδή ωοθυλάκια του δευτερογενούς λεμφοειδούς όργανα (SLOs).[[Follicular B Cells|Follicular (FO) B Cell]] (also known as a B-2 cell) – Most common type of B cell and, when not circulating through the blood, is found mainly in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs).<ref name=":8" /> Είναι υπεύθυνοι για τη δημιουργία της πλειοψηφίας των αντισωμάτων υψηλής συγγένειας κατά τη διάρκεια μιας μόλυνσης.
*[[Regulatory B cells|Regulatory B (Breg) cell]] – An [[Immunosuppression|immunosuppressive]] B cell type that stops the expansion of pathogenic, pro-inflammatory lymphocytes through the secretion of IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|title = Regulatory B Cells: Origin, Phenotype, and Function|journal = Immunity|issn = 1074-7613|pmid = 25902480|pages = 607–612|volume = 42|issue = 4|doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.005|first1 = Elizabeth C.|last1 = Rosser|first2 = Claudia|last2 = Mauri|year = 2015|doi-access = free}}</ref> Also, it promotes the generation of [[Regulatory T cell|regulatory T (Treg) cells]] by directly interacting with T cells to skew their differentiation towards Tregs.<ref name=":15" /> No common Breg cell identity has been described and many Breg cell subsets sharing regulatory functions have been found in both mice and humans.<ref name=":15" /> It is currently unknown if Breg cell subsets are developmentally linked and how exactly differentiation into a Breg cell occurs.<ref name=":15" /> There is evidence showing that nearly all B cell types can differentiate into a Breg cell through mechanisms involving inflammatory signals and BCR recognition.<ref name=":15" />
They are responsible for generating the majority of high-affinity antibodies during an infection.<ref name=":0" />
**
[[Marginal-zone B cell|Οριακή ζώνη (ΜΖ) Β κύτταρο
Marginal zone (MZ) B cell]] -Βρίσκεται κυρίως στην οριακή ζώνη της σπλήνας και χρησιμεύει ως η πρώτη γραμμή άμυνας έναντι των αιμοφόρων παθογόνων, καθώς η περιθωριακή ζώνη λαμβάνει μεγάλες ποσότητες αίματος από τη γενική κυκλοφορία.
**[[Marginal-zone B cell|Marginal zone (MZ) B cell]] – Found mainly in the marginal zone of the spleen and serves as a first line of defense against blood-borne pathogens, as the marginal zone receives large amounts of blood from the general circulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Marginal Zone B Cells|journal = Annual Review of Immunology|date = 2005-01-01|pmid = 15771569|pages = 161–196|volume = 23|issue = 1|doi = 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115728|first1 = Shiv|last1 = Pillai|first2 = Annaiah|last2 = Cariappa|first3 = Stewart T.|last3 = Moran}}</ref> They can undergo both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent activation, but preferentially undergo T cell-independent activation.<ref name=":8" />
They can undergo both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent activation, but preferentially undergo T cell-independent activation.<ref name=":8" />
*[[Κύτταρο Β-1]]-Προέρχεται από μια αναπτυξιακή οδό διαφορετική από τα κύτταρα FO Β και τα κύτταρα ΜΖ Β.[[B-1 cell]] – Arises from a developmental pathway different from FO B cells and MZ B cells.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|title = The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions|journal = Nature Reviews Immunology|date = 2010-01-01|volume = 11|issue = 1|pages = 34–46|doi = 10.1038/nri2901|pmid = 21151033|first = Nicole|last = Baumgarth|s2cid = 23355423}}</ref> Στα ποντίκια, κυριαρχούν κυρίως στην [περιτοναϊκή κοιλότητα]] και [[υπεζωκοτική κοιλότητα]], παράγουν [[Αντίσωμα#Φυσικά αντισώματα | φυσικά αντισώματα]] (αντισώματα που παράγονται χωρίς μόλυνση), αμύνονται έναντι παθογόνων βλεννογόνων και εμφανίζουν κυρίως Τ κύτταρα -ανεξάρτητη ενεργοποίηση.
*[[B-1 cell]] – Arises from a developmental pathway different from FO B cells and MZ B cells.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|title = The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions|journal = Nature Reviews Immunology|date = 2010-01-01|volume = 11|issue = 1|pages = 34–46|doi = 10.1038/nri2901|pmid = 21151033|first = Nicole|last = Baumgarth|s2cid = 23355423}}</ref> In mice, they predominantly populate the [[peritoneal cavity]] and [[pleural cavity]], generate [[Antibody#Natural antibodies|natural antibodies]] (antibodies produced without infection), defend against mucosal pathogens, and primarily exhibit T cell-independent activation.<ref name=":14" /> A true homologue of mouse B-1 cells has not been discovered in humans, though various cell populations similar to B-1 cells have been described.<ref name=":14" />
A true homologue of mouse B-1 cells has not been discovered in humans, though various cell populations similar to B-1 cells have been described.<ref name=":14" />
*[[Ρυθμιστικά κύτταρα Β | Ρυθμιστικό κύτταρο Β (Breg)]]-Ένας τύπος κυττάρου Β [[Ανοσοκαταστολή | ανοσοκατασταλτικός]] που σταματά την επέκταση παθογόνων, προφλεγμονωδών λεμφοκυττάρων μέσω της έκκρισης IL-10, IL-35 και TGF-β.
*[[Regulatory B cells|Regulatory B (Breg) cell]] – An [[Immunosuppression|immunosuppressive]] B cell type that stops the expansion of pathogenic, pro-inflammatory lymphocytes through the secretion of IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|title = Regulatory B Cells: Origin, Phenotype, and Function|journal = Immunity|issn = 1074-7613|pmid = 25902480|pages = 607–612|volume = 42|issue = 4|doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.005|first1 = Elizabeth C.|last1 = Rosser|first2 = Claudia|last2 = Mauri|year = 2015|doi-access = free}}</ref> AlsoΕπίσης, itπροωθεί promotesτη the generation ofδημιουργία [[RegulatoryΡυθμιστικών TΤ κυττάρων cell|regulatory Tρυθμιστικά Τ (Treg) cellsκύτταρα]] byαλληλεπιδρώντας directlyάμεσα interactingμε withΤ Tκύτταρα cellsγια toνα skewστρέψει theirτη differentiationδιαφοροποίησή towardsτους Tregs.<refπρος name=":15"τα /> No common Breg cell identity has been described and many Breg cell subsets sharing regulatory functions have been found in both mice and humansTregs.<ref name=":15" /> It is currently unknown if Breg cell subsets are developmentally linked and how exactly differentiation into a Breg cell occurs.<ref name=":15" /> There is evidence showing that nearly all B cell types can differentiate into a Breg cell through mechanisms involving inflammatory signals and BCR recognition.<ref name=":15" />
Also, it promotes the generation of [[Regulatory T cell|regulatory T (Treg) cells]] by directly interacting with T cells to skew their differentiation towards Tregs.<ref name=":15" /> Δεν έχει περιγραφεί κοινή ταυτότητα κυττάρων Breg και έχουν βρεθεί πολλά υποσύνολα κυττάρων Breg που μοιράζονται ρυθμιστικές λειτουργίες τόσο σε ποντίκια όσο και σε ανθρώπους
No common Breg cell identity has been described and many Breg cell subsets sharing regulatory functions have been found in both mice and humans.<ref name=":15" /> Προς το παρόν είναι άγνωστο εάν τα υποσύνολα κυττάρων Breg συνδέονται αναπτυξιακά και πώς ακριβώς γίνεται η διαφοροποίηση σε κύτταρο Breg.
It is currently unknown if Breg cell subsets are developmentally linked and how exactly differentiation into a Breg cell occurs.<ref name=":15" /> Υπάρχουν στοιχεία που δείχνουν ότι σχεδόν όλοι οι τύποι κυττάρων Β μπορούν να διαφοροποιηθούν σε κύτταρο Breg μέσω μηχανισμών που περιλαμβάνουν φλεγμονώδη σήματα και αναγνώριση BCR.
There is evidence showing that nearly all B cell types can differentiate into a Breg cell through mechanisms involving inflammatory signals and BCR recognition.<ref name=":15" />
 
==B cell-related pathology==