Χαλοουίν: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Το '''Χαλλογουίν''' ([[αγγλικά]]: '''Halloween''') γιορτάζεται τη νύχτα της [[31 Οκτωβρίου]] και είναι μια αργία η οποία εορτάζεται κυρίως σε χώρες του αγγλοσαξωνικού κόσμου.[[Αρχείο:Weatherly PA Halloween house.jpg|αριστερά|μικρογραφία|Σπίτι κατάλληλα διακοσμημένο για τη Χαλοουίν]]Η γιορτή αυτή τηρείται σε πολλές χώρες την παραμονή της Ημέρας των Αγίων Πάντων, που είναι η 1η Νοεμβρίου.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/little-moreton-hall/things-to-see-and-do/view-page/item994753/|title=Tudor Hallowtide|year=2012|publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071731/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/little-moreton-hall/things-to-see-and-do/view-page/item994753/|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead|quote=Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe'en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).}}</ref> Η Ημέρα των Πάντων γενικότερα τιμά τους αγίους, αλλά και τους νεκρούς προγόνους των ανθρώπων.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ussu.co.uk/stagmedia/Documents/Issues/The%20Stag%20-%20Issue%2076%20(Small%20File%20Size).pdf|title=Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!|last=Hughes|first=Rebekkah|work=The Stag|date=29 October 2014|publisher=[[University of Surrey]]|page=1|quote=Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119032631/http://www.ussu.co.uk/stagmedia/Documents/Issues/The%20Stag%20-%20Issue%2076%20(Small%20File%20Size).pdf|archive-date=19 November 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Davis2009">{{cite book|title=Don't Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned|first1=Kenneth C.|last1=Davis|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-06-192575-7|date=29 December 2009|page=231|language=en}}</ref>
▲{{επιμέλεια|Μη εγκυκλοπαιδικό ύφος. Χρειάζεται συντακτική μορφοποίηση.}}{{Infobox holiday|holiday_name=Halloween|image=[[File:Kobe Mosaic15s3072.jpg|200px|]]|date=31 Οκτωβρίου}}{{Infobox holiday/date|month=Οκτώβριος}}[[Αρχείο:Jack-o'-Lantern 2003-10-31.jpg|μικρογραφία|δεξιά|Κολοκύθα που συνηθίζεται να φτιάχνεται για τη γιορτή του Χαλοουίν.]]
Μια θεωρία υποστηρίζει ότι η έμπνευση για την γιορτή προήλθε από τα γαελικά [[φεστιβάλ της σοδειάς]], ιδίως του Σαμάιν. Γενικότερα, πολλοί υποστηρίζουν ότι οι πρόδρομοι του Χαλογοουίν είχαν παγανιστικές ρίζες.<ref name="Smith2004">{{cite book|title=Women's History in Global Perspective|first=Bonnie G.|last=Smith|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02931-8|year=2004|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC|quote=The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Christianity1">{{cite book|title=Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night|author=Nicholas Rogers|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516896-9|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA22|quote=Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Christianity2">{{cite book|title=Austrian information|year=1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FU7AQAAIAAJ&q=all+hallow's+eve+wear+masks+Christian+souls+vengeance|quote=The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Christianity3">{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/408 408]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|quote=Halloween, ''also called'' All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.|url-access=registration|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> Κάποιοι μάλιστα υποστηρίζουν ότι το Σαμάιν μετεξελίχθηκε σε Χαλογουίν από την χριστιανική εκκλησία, στους πρώτους μεταχριστιανικούς αιώνες.<ref name="Roberts1987">{{cite book|title=The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography|first=Brian K.|last=Roberts|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|isbn=978-0-582-30143-6|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjbYAAAAMAAJ|quote=Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> Άλλοι ακαδημαϊκοί υποστηρίζουν ότι το Χαλογουίν προήλθε από τον εορτασμό της Ημέρας των Αγίων Πάντων και δεν αποτελεί μετεξέλιξη κάποιας γαελικής εορτής.<ref name="FoleyO’Donnell2008">{{cite book|title=Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World|first1=Hugh|last1=O’Donnell|first2=Malcolm|last2=Foley|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0265-9|date=18 December 2008|pages=91–92|language=en|quote=Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: "thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year's Night (''Hog-unnaa'') and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many "Hog-unnaa" customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year's Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe'en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round." ... Hutton points out that Rhy's unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. ... Halloween's preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.}}</ref><ref name="Barr2016">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/10/28/guess-what-halloween-is-more-christian-than-pagan/|title=Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan|last1=Barr|first1=Beth Allison|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=28 October 2016|language=en|quote=It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building [[bonfire]]s to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of “Hallowtide” fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to “paganism” is rather more tenuous.|access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref><ref>* {{cite web|url=http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.2010|title=Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten|last=Moser|first=Stefan|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Salzburger Nachrichten|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317122059/http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.2010|archive-date=17 March 2014|quote=Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.|access-date=11 August 2017}}
* {{citation|title=Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen|last1=Döring|first1=Alois|last2=Bolinius|first2=Erich|date=31 October 2006|publisher=FDP Emden|language=de|quote=Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.}}
* {{cite book|title=Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo|first=Editha|last=Hörandner|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8889-3|year=2005|pages=8, 12, 30|language=de|quote=Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. ... Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition ("seit 2000 Jahren") ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. ... So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als ...heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|title=Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?|last=Döring|first=Dr. Volkskundler Alois|year=2011|publisher=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]]|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614110611/http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|archive-date=14 June 2011|quote=Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml|title=All Hallows' Eve|date=20 October 2011|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|language=en|quote=However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Αν και για αιώνες ο εορτασμός του Χαλογουίν ήταν περιορισμένος μόνο στην Ιρλανδία και τη Σκωτία, τον 19ο αιώνα Ιρλανδοί και Σκωτσέζοι μετανάστες μετέφεραν τον εορτασμό του Χάλογοουιν στην Βόρεια Αμερική,<ref name="rogers_nw" /><ref name="Brunvand, Jan 2006. p.749">Brunvand, Jan (editor). ''American Folklore: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2006. p.749</ref> ενώ από τα τέλη του 20ού αιώνα και τις αρχές του 21ου αιώνα λόγω της αμερικανικής επιρροής ο εορτασμός του Χάλογουιν έχει επεκταθεί και σε χώρες που δεν έχουν καμία σχέση με τον αγγλοσαξωνικό κόσμο.<ref name="Colavito, Jason 2007. pp.151">Colavito, Jason. ''Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre''. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152</ref><ref name="rogers_m" />
Στο Χάλογουιν, τα παιδιά ντύνονται σε κάτι «τρομακτικό» και επισκέπτονται σπίτια μαζεύοντας πολλά γλυκά, γνωστό ως «trick or treat» ή «φάρσα ή κέρασμα». Επίσης, η κολοκύθα αποτελεί σύμβολο της εορτής. Ακόμη, οι άνθρωποι κάνουν πλάκες, ανάβουν φωτιές, βλέπουν ταινίες με σχετική θεματολογία ή επισκέπτονται "στοιχειωμένα" αξιοθέατα.<ref name="Fieldhouse2017p256">{{cite book|title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions|author=Paul Fieldhouse|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-61069-412-4|date=17 April 2017|page=256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256}}</ref> Για κάποιους ανθρώπους, το Χάλογουιν έχει θρησκευτική σημασία. Μεταξύ άλλων, κάποιοι συμμετέχουν σε λειτουργίες και ανάβουν κεριά στα μνήματα των συγγενών τους,<ref name="Skog2008">{{cite book|title=Teens in Finland|first=Jason|last=Skog|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-3405-9|year=2008|page=31|quote=Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow's Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as ''valomeri'', or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chapel.duke.edu/sites/default/files/AllHallows2012.pdf|title=All Hallows Eve Service|date=31 October 2012|publisher=[[Duke University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005183350/https://chapel.duke.edu/sites/default/files/AllHallows2012.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=dead|quote=About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=5 May 2009|title=The Christian Observances of Halloween|journal=National Republic|volume=15|page=33|quote=Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the "All Hallow's Eve" festival.}}</ref> αν και για άλλους, το Χάλογουιν αποτελεί μια εορτή χωρίς θρησκευτικό περιεχόμενο.<ref name="Hynes1993">{{cite book|title=Companion to the Calendar|first=Mary Ellen|last=Hynes|publisher=Liturgy Training Publications|isbn=978-1-56854-011-5|year=1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/160 160]|url=https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/160|quote=In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church's traditions are lost or confused.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cranstononline.com/stories/not-so-spooky-after-all-the-roots-of-halloween-are-tamer-than-you-think,86934?print=1|title=Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think|last=Kernan|first=Joe|date=30 October 2013|work=[[Beacon Communications (publisher)|Cranston Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126163657/http://cranstononline.com/stories/not-so-spooky-after-all-the-roots-of-halloween-are-tamer-than-you-think,86934?print=1|archive-date=26 November 2015|url-status=dead|quote=By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="BradenVillage1988">{{cite book|title=Leisure and entertainment in America|first1=Donna R.|last1=Braden|first2=Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield|last2=Village|publisher=Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village|isbn=978-0-933728-32-5|year=1988|url=https://archive.org/details/leisureentertain0000brad|quote=Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children's festivity.|url-access=registration|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> Κάποιοι Χριστιανοί απέχουν από την κατανάλωση κρέατος εκείνη την ημέρα, καθώς αποτελεί την παραμονή της Ημέρας των Αγίων Πάντων.<ref>Santino, p. 85</ref><ref>All Hallows' Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal</ref><ref name="Mahon1991">{{cite book|title=Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink|first=Bríd|last=Mahon|publisher=Poolbeg Press|isbn=978-1-85371-142-8|year=1991|page=138|language=en|quote=The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.}}</ref><ref name="Fieldhouse2017">{{cite book|title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions|first=Paul|last=Fieldhouse|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-61069-412-4|date=17 April 2017|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|language=en|quote=In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint's Day.|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031175805/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|archive-date=31 October 2017}}</ref>
== Παραπομπές ==
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[[Κατηγορία:Χαλοουίν| ]]
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