Ευφυής σχεδιασμός

Η θεωρία του ευφυούς σχεδιασμού αναφέρεται στην αιτία της ύπαρξης του σύμπαντος αλλά και της ζωής στον πλανήτη μας, χαρακτηρίζοντάς την έναν νου με ευφυΐα που σχεδίασε και ουσιαστικά και τα δημιούργησε.

Ορισμένοι υποστηρίζουν ότι αποτελεί μια παραλλαγή του δημιουργισμού^[1]^[2], αλλά η βάση του ευφυούς σχεδιασμού είναι η καθαρή επιστημονική παρατήρηση^[3]^[4] χωρίς να κατονομάζει τον ευφυή σχεδιαστή ως Θεό, παρόλα αυτά κρίνεται ως ψευδοεπιστήμη.^[5]^[6]^[7] Σύμφωνα με αυτή τη θεωρία το Σύμπαν και τα βιολογικά συστήματα είναι τόσο πολύπλοκα, ώστε είναι αδύνατο να δημιουργήθηκαν με τυχαίες διεργασίες όπως υποστηρίζει η θεωρία της εξέλιξης. Θα πρέπει δηλαδή να έχουν σχεδιαστεί από κάποια ευφυή δύναμη.^[8] Η θεωρία του ευφυούς σχεδιασμού έχει καταδειχθεί από την επιστημονική κοινότητα ότι είναι θρησκευτικό επιχείρημα, μια μορφή του δημιουργισμού που στερείται εμπειρικής υποστήριξης και δεν μπορεί να ελεγχθεί μέσω επιστημονικής υπόθεσης.^[9] Οι υπέρμαχοί της θεωρούν ότι αντιτίθενται στον μεθοδικό νατουραλισμό της σύγχρονης επιστήμης^[4]^[10] Οι προεξάρχοντες οπαδοί του συνδέονται με το Discovery Institute, μια πολιτικά συντηρητική δεξαμενή σκέψης με έδρα στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες.^{[n 1]} Παρότι δηλώνουν ότι δεν πρόκειται για μορφή του δημιουργισμού και εσκεμμένα αποφεύγουν την πρόσδοση χαρακτηριστικών προσωπικότητας στον σχεδιαστή, πολλοί εξ αυτών εκφράζουν την άποψη ότι ο σχεδιαστής είναι η χριστιανική θεότητα.^{[n 2]}

Ο ευφυή σχεδιασμός προτείνει δύο κύρια επιχειρήματα εναντίον των εξελικτικών προτάσεων: την μη αναγώγιμη πολυπλοκότητα (irreducible complexity: πολυπλοκότητα που δεν προκύπτει από την ανάλυση και σύνθεση των συστατικών της) και την εξειδικευμένη πολυπλοκότητα. Αυτά τα επιχειρήματα προσφέρουν εξακριβώσεις ότι συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά (βιολογικά και πληροφοριακά αντίστοιχα) είναι πολύ πολύπλοκα για να είναι αποτέλεσμα φυσικών διαδικασιών.

Σημειώσεις Επεξεργασία

↑
«Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), PM Session, Part 1». TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012. Q. Has the Discovery Institute been a leader in the intelligent design movement? A. Yes, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. Q. And are almost all of the individuals who are involved with the intelligent design movement associated with the Discovery Institute? A. All of the leaders are, yes. — Barbara Forrest, 2005, testifying in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial.
- Wilgoren 2005, "...the institute's Center for Science and Culture has emerged in recent months as the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country."
- «Frequently Asked Questions About 'Intelligent Design'». American Civil Liberties Union. New York: American Civil Liberties Union. 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005. Who is behind the ID movement?. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.
- Kahn, Joseph P. (July 27, 2005). «The evolution of George Gilder». The Boston Globe (New York: The New York Times Company). http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/07/27/the_evolution_of_george_gilder/?page=full. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.
- «WHO's WHO: Intelligent Design Proponents» (PDF). Science & Theology News (Durham, NC: Science & Theology News, Inc.). November 2005. ISSN 1530-6410. http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?command=download&id=602. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2007-07-20.
- Attie, et al. 2006, "The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute."
↑
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Context, pp. 25–26. " ID’s 'official position' does not acknowledge that the designer is God", "...[T]he writings of leading ID proponents reveal that the designer postulated by their argument is the God of Christianity." Context, p. 35. "defense experts Professors Behe and Minnich testified that ID is not creationism".
- Williams, Devon (14 Δεκεμβρίου 2007). «Friday Five: William A. Dembski». CitizenLink.com. Colorado Springs, CO: Focus on the Family Action, Inc. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2007. Ανακτήθηκε στις 28 Φεβρουαρίου 2014. I believe God created the world for a purpose. The Designer of intelligent design is, ultimately, the Christian God. — William A. Dembski, a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, when asked in an interview whether his research concluded that God is the Intelligent Designer.

Παραπομπές Επεξεργασία

↑ Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy. Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2011-05-19 στο Wayback Machine.. [PDF], 2007 Μάιος [Ανάκτηση 06/08/2007]
↑ Padian, K. - Matzke, N. (2009). "Darwin, Dover, ‘Intelligent Design’ and textbooks". Biochemical Journal 417 (1): 29. doi:10.1042/bj20081534. PMID 19061485. edit .pdf
↑ Numbers 2006, p. 373
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 Meyer, Stephen C. (December 1, 2005). «Not by chance». National Post (Don Mills, Ontario: CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc.). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2006-05-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20060501021540/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/issuesideas/story.html?id=8f7f51f2-a196-4677-9399-46f4f17b5b61. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.
↑ Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (December 2010). «Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience». The Quarterly Review of Biology (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press) 85 (4): 473–482. doi:10.1086/656904. PMID 21243965. https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_2010-12_85_4/page/473. Article available from Universiteit Gent
↑ Pigliucci 2010
↑ Young & Edis 2004 pp. 195-196, Section heading: But is it Pseudoscience?
↑
«CSC - Top Questions: Questions About Intelligent Design: What is the theory of intelligent design?». Center for Science and Culture. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.
- «Intelligent Design Theory in a Nutshell» (PDF). Seattle, WA: Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center. 2004. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.
- «Intelligent Design». Intelligent Design network. Shawnee Mission, KS: Intelligent Design network, inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.
↑ «An intelligently designed response». Nature Methods (London: Nature Publishing Group) 4 (12): 983. December 2007. doi:10.1038/nmeth1207-983. ISSN 1548-7091. http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n12/full/nmeth1207-983.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.
↑
Meyer, Stephen C.; Nelson, Paul A. (May 1, 1996). «Getting Rid of the Unfair Rules». Origins & Design (Colorado Springs, CO: Access Research Network). http://www.discovery.org/a/1685. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2007-05-20.
- Johnson, Phillip E. (May–June 1996). «Third-Party Science». Books & Culture 2 (3). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2014-02-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219230949/http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/1996/mayjun/6b3030.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2012-06-16. The review is reprinted in full by Access Research Network [archived 10 February 1999].
- Meyer, Stephen C. (2000). «The Scientific Status of Intelligent Design: The Methodological Equivalence of Naturalistic and Non-Naturalistic Origins Theories». Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe: Papers Presented at a Conference Sponsored by the Wethersfield Institute, New York City, September 25, 1999. Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute. 9. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-809-5. LCCN 00102374. OCLC 45720008. Ανακτήθηκε στις 1 Δεκεμβρίου 2014.
- Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Whether ID Is Science, p. 66
- Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Whether ID Is Science, p. 68. Lead defense expert Professor Behe admitted that his broadened definition of science, which encompasses ID, would also include astrology.
- See also Hanna, John (February 13, 2007). «Kansas Rewriting Science Standards». Guardian Unlimited. Associated Press (London: Guardian Media Group). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2007-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20070216004715/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6413677,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.

Αυτό το λήμμα χρειάζεται επέκταση. Μπορείτε να βοηθήσετε την Βικιπαίδεια επεκτείνοντάς το.

[DI_engine-11] «Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), PM Session, Part 1». TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012. Q. Has the Discovery Institute been a leader in the intelligent design movement? A. Yes, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. Q. And are almost all of the individuals who are involved with the intelligent design movement associated with the Discovery Institute? A. All of the leaders are, yes. — Barbara Forrest, 2005, testifying in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial.
Wilgoren 2005, "...the institute's Center for Science and Culture has emerged in recent months as the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country."

«Frequently Asked Questions About 'Intelligent Design'». American Civil Liberties Union. New York: American Civil Liberties Union. 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005. Who is behind the ID movement?. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.

Kahn, Joseph P. (July 27, 2005). «The evolution of George Gilder». The Boston Globe (New York: The New York Times Company). http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/07/27/the_evolution_of_george_gilder/?page=full. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.

«WHO's WHO: Intelligent Design Proponents» (PDF). Science & Theology News (Durham, NC: Science & Theology News, Inc.). November 2005. ISSN 1530-6410. http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?command=download&id=602. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2007-07-20.

Attie, et al. 2006, "The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute."

[2] Wilgoren 2005, "...the institute's Center for Science and Culture has emerged in recent months as the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country."

[3] «Frequently Asked Questions About 'Intelligent Design'». American Civil Liberties Union. New York: American Civil Liberties Union. 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005. Who is behind the ID movement?. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.

[4] Kahn, Joseph P. (July 27, 2005). «The evolution of George Gilder». The Boston Globe (New York: The New York Times Company). http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/07/27/the_evolution_of_george_gilder/?page=full. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.

[5] «WHO's WHO: Intelligent Design Proponents» (PDF). Science & Theology News (Durham, NC: Science & Theology News, Inc.). November 2005. ISSN 1530-6410. http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?command=download&id=602. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2007-07-20.

[6] Attie, et al. 2006, "The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute."

[KvD26,CL-12] Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Context, pp. 25–26. " ID’s 'official position' does not acknowledge that the designer is God", "...[T]he writings of leading ID proponents reveal that the designer postulated by their argument is the God of Christianity." Context, p. 35. "defense experts Professors Behe and Minnich testified that ID is not creationism".
Williams, Devon (14 Δεκεμβρίου 2007). «Friday Five: William A. Dembski». CitizenLink.com. Colorado Springs, CO: Focus on the Family Action, Inc. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2007. Ανακτήθηκε στις 28 Φεβρουαρίου 2014. I believe God created the world for a purpose. The Designer of intelligent design is, ultimately, the Christian God. — William A. Dembski, a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, when asked in an interview whether his research concluded that God is the Intelligent Designer.

[8] Williams, Devon (14 Δεκεμβρίου 2007). «Friday Five: William A. Dembski». CitizenLink.com. Colorado Springs, CO: Focus on the Family Action, Inc. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2007. Ανακτήθηκε στις 28 Φεβρουαρίου 2014. I believe God created the world for a purpose. The Designer of intelligent design is, ultimately, the Christian God. — William A. Dembski, a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, when asked in an interview whether his research concluded that God is the Intelligent Designer.

[1] Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy. Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2011-05-19 στο Wayback Machine.. [PDF], 2007 Μάιος [Ανάκτηση 06/08/2007]

[2] Padian, K. - Matzke, N. (2009). "Darwin, Dover, ‘Intelligent Design’ and textbooks". Biochemical Journal 417 (1): 29. doi:10.1042/bj20081534. PMID 19061485. edit .pdf

[3] Numbers 2006, p. 373

[Meyer_2005-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Meyer, Stephen C. (December 1, 2005). «Not by chance». National Post (Don Mills, Ontario: CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc.). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2006-05-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20060501021540/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/issuesideas/story.html?id=8f7f51f2-a196-4677-9399-46f4f17b5b61. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.

[Boudry_2010-5] Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (December 2010). «Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience». The Quarterly Review of Biology (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press) 85 (4): 473–482. doi:10.1086/656904. PMID 21243965. https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_2010-12_85_4/page/473. Article available from Universiteit Gent

[6] Pigliucci 2010

[7] Young & Edis 2004 pp. 195-196, Section heading: But is it Pseudoscience?

[DI-topquestions-8] «CSC - Top Questions: Questions About Intelligent Design: What is the theory of intelligent design?». Center for Science and Culture. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.
«Intelligent Design Theory in a Nutshell» (PDF). Seattle, WA: Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center. 2004. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.

«Intelligent Design». Intelligent Design network. Shawnee Mission, KS: Intelligent Design network, inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.

[17] «Intelligent Design Theory in a Nutshell» (PDF). Seattle, WA: Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center. 2004. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.

[18] «Intelligent Design». Intelligent Design network. Shawnee Mission, KS: Intelligent Design network, inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιουνίου 2012.

[NatureMethods2007-9] «An intelligently designed response». Nature Methods (London: Nature Publishing Group) 4 (12): 983. December 2007. doi:10.1038/nmeth1207-983. ISSN 1548-7091. http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n12/full/nmeth1207-983.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.

[discovery-10] Meyer, Stephen C.; Nelson, Paul A. (May 1, 1996). «Getting Rid of the Unfair Rules». Origins & Design (Colorado Springs, CO: Access Research Network). http://www.discovery.org/a/1685. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2007-05-20.
Johnson, Phillip E. (May–June 1996). «Third-Party Science». Books & Culture 2 (3). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2014-02-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219230949/http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/1996/mayjun/6b3030.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2012-06-16. The review is reprinted in full by Access Research Network [archived 10 February 1999].

Meyer, Stephen C. (2000). «The Scientific Status of Intelligent Design: The Methodological Equivalence of Naturalistic and Non-Naturalistic Origins Theories». Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe: Papers Presented at a Conference Sponsored by the Wethersfield Institute, New York City, September 25, 1999. Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute. 9. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-809-5. LCCN 00102374. OCLC 45720008. Ανακτήθηκε στις 1 Δεκεμβρίου 2014.

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Whether ID Is Science, p. 66

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Whether ID Is Science, p. 68. Lead defense expert Professor Behe admitted that his broadened definition of science, which encompasses ID, would also include astrology.

See also Hanna, John (February 13, 2007). «Kansas Rewriting Science Standards». Guardian Unlimited. Associated Press (London: Guardian Media Group). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2007-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20070216004715/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6413677,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.

[21] Johnson, Phillip E. (May–June 1996). «Third-Party Science». Books & Culture 2 (3). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2014-02-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219230949/http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/1996/mayjun/6b3030.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2012-06-16. The review is reprinted in full by Access Research Network [archived 10 February 1999].

[22] Meyer, Stephen C. (2000). «The Scientific Status of Intelligent Design: The Methodological Equivalence of Naturalistic and Non-Naturalistic Origins Theories». Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe: Papers Presented at a Conference Sponsored by the Wethersfield Institute, New York City, September 25, 1999. Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute. 9. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-809-5. LCCN 00102374. OCLC 45720008. Ανακτήθηκε στις 1 Δεκεμβρίου 2014.

[23] Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Whether ID Is Science, p. 66

[24] Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Whether ID Is Science, p. 68. Lead defense expert Professor Behe admitted that his broadened definition of science, which encompasses ID, would also include astrology.

[25] See also Hanna, John (February 13, 2007). «Kansas Rewriting Science Standards». Guardian Unlimited. Associated Press (London: Guardian Media Group). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2007-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20070216004715/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6413677,00.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2014-02-28.

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