Homo rhodesiensis

Το Homo rhodesiensis είναι το όνομα είδους που προτάθηκε από τον Άρθουρ Σμιθ Γούντγοουρντ (1921) για να ταξινομοποιήσει το Κάμπουε 1 (το "κρανίο του Κάμπουε" ή "κρανίο του Μπρόκεν Χιλλ", επίσης γνωστός ως "Ροδεσιανός Άνδρας"), ένα απολίθωμα που ανακτήθηκε από σπήλαιο του Μπρόκεν Χιλλ (ή Κάμπουε) στην Βόρεια Ροδεσία (γνωστή σήμερα ως Ζάμπια).^[1]

Σήμερα ο H. rhodesiensis θεωρείται στις περισσότερες φορές ως συνώνυμο του Homo heidelbergensis, ή πιθανώς ως αφρικανική μορφή του Homo heidelbergensis sensu lato, το οποίο κατανοείται ως είδος που ζούσε στην Αφρική και την Ευρασία στην εποχή του Μέσου Πλειστόκαινου.^[2] Επίσης έχουν προταθεί οι ονομασίες Homo sapiens arcaicus^[3] και Homo sapiens rhodesiensis^[4]. Ο Γουάιτ (2003) πρότεινε τον ροδεσιανό άνδρα ως πρόγονο του Homo sapiens idaltu.^[5]

Η καταγωγή του Homo sapiens από τον Homo rhodesiensis έχει προταθεί αρκετές φορές.^[6]

Παραπομπές Επεξεργασία

↑ «GBIF 787018738 Fossil of Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921». GBIF org. Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Δεκεμβρίου 2015.
↑ Mounier, Aurélien; Condemi, Silvana; Manzi, Giorgio (April 20, 2011). «The Stem Species of Our Species: A Place for the Archaic Human Cranium from Ceprano, Italy». PLoS ONE (PLOS ONE) 6 (4): e18821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018821. PMID 21533096. PMC 3080388. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018821. Ανακτήθηκε στις December 10, 2015. "Ceprano clusters in our analysis with other European, African and Asian Mid-Pleistocene specimens – such as Petralona, Dali, Kabwe, Jinniu Shan, Steinheim, and SH5 – furnishing a rather plesiomorphic phenetic link among them. On the basis of this morphological affinity, it seems appropriate to group Ceprano with these fossils, and consider them as a single taxon. The available nomen for this putative species is H. heidelbergensis, whose distinctiveness stands on the retention of a number of archaic traits combined with features that are more derived and independent from any Neandertal ancestry. [...] This result would suggest that H. ergaster survived as a distinct species until 1 Ma, and would discard the validity of the species H. cepranensis [...] Thus we can include the so-called “Ante-Neandertals” from Europe in the same taxonomical unit with other Mid-Pleistocene samples from Africa and continental Asia. Combining the results of the two approaches of our phenetic analysis, Ceprano should be reasonably accommodated as part of a Mid-Pleistocene human taxon H. heidelbergensis, which would include European, African, and Asian specimens. Moreover, the combination of archaic and derived features exhibited by the Italian specimen represents a “node” connecting the different poles of such a polymorphic humanity."
↑ H. James Birx (10 Ιουνίου 2010). 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. σελ. 48. ISBN 978-1-4522-6630-5.
↑ Bernard Wood (31 Μαρτίου 2011). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. σελίδες 761–762. ISBN 978-1-4443-4247-5.
↑ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). «Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia». Nature 423 (6491): 742–747. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332.
↑ Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: R. David Begun (ed.), A Companion to Paleoanthropology, John Wiley, pp. 517-537 (summary 529–531). "Most, if not all, of the African specimens assigned to H. rhodesiensis (cf heidelbergensis) seem to predate the divergence between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens [viz., assumed at 0.5 Mya prior to the revision by Meyer et al. 2016]. However, a gap in the fossil record, possibly between 400 and 260 ka, blurs the transition or punctuation event that separated H. rhodesiensis and H. sapiens." (p. 532).

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[1] «GBIF 787018738 Fossil of Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921». GBIF org. Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Δεκεμβρίου 2015.

[2] Mounier, Aurélien; Condemi, Silvana; Manzi, Giorgio (April 20, 2011). «The Stem Species of Our Species: A Place for the Archaic Human Cranium from Ceprano, Italy». PLoS ONE (PLOS ONE) 6 (4): e18821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018821. PMID 21533096. PMC 3080388. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018821. Ανακτήθηκε στις December 10, 2015. "Ceprano clusters in our analysis with other European, African and Asian Mid-Pleistocene specimens – such as Petralona, Dali, Kabwe, Jinniu Shan, Steinheim, and SH5 – furnishing a rather plesiomorphic phenetic link among them. On the basis of this morphological affinity, it seems appropriate to group Ceprano with these fossils, and consider them as a single taxon. The available nomen for this putative species is H. heidelbergensis, whose distinctiveness stands on the retention of a number of archaic traits combined with features that are more derived and independent from any Neandertal ancestry. [...] This result would suggest that H. ergaster survived as a distinct species until 1 Ma, and would discard the validity of the species H. cepranensis [...] Thus we can include the so-called “Ante-Neandertals” from Europe in the same taxonomical unit with other Mid-Pleistocene samples from Africa and continental Asia. Combining the results of the two approaches of our phenetic analysis, Ceprano should be reasonably accommodated as part of a Mid-Pleistocene human taxon H. heidelbergensis, which would include European, African, and Asian specimens. Moreover, the combination of archaic and derived features exhibited by the Italian specimen represents a “node” connecting the different poles of such a polymorphic humanity."

[Birx2010-3] H. James Birx (10 Ιουνίου 2010). 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. σελ. 48. ISBN 978-1-4522-6630-5.

[Wood2011-4] Bernard Wood (31 Μαρτίου 2011). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. σελίδες 761–762. ISBN 978-1-4443-4247-5.

[White03-5] White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). «Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia». Nature 423 (6491): 742–747. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332.

[6] Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: R. David Begun (ed.), A Companion to Paleoanthropology, John Wiley, pp. 517-537 (summary 529–531). "Most, if not all, of the African specimens assigned to H. rhodesiensis (cf heidelbergensis) seem to predate the divergence between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens [viz., assumed at 0.5 Mya prior to the revision by Meyer et al. 2016]. However, a gap in the fossil record, possibly between 400 and 260 ka, blurs the transition or punctuation event that separated H. rhodesiensis and H. sapiens." (p. 532).

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