Κανονικές συνθήκες: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 1:
Ο όρος '''κανονικές συνθήκες''' (ΚΣ ή Κ.Σ.) στις φυσικές επιστήμες αναφέρεται συνήθως στις ''Κανονικές Συνθήκες Πίεσης και Θερμοκρασίας''. Χρησιμοποιείται και ξεχωριστά για κάθε έναν όρο. Δηλαδή ''κανονικές συνθήκες πίεσης'' ή ''κανονικές συνθήκες θερμοκρασίας'' ή κανονικές συνθήκες άλλης μέτρησης.
== Ιστορικά ==
Στο δεύτερο μισό του 20ου αιώνα ο όρος χρησιμοποιήθηκε κυρίως για τις εξής συνθήκες:
* [[Θερμοκρασία]]: 0°[[Κλίμακα Κελσίου|C]] (273.15 [[kelvin|K]]) και
* [[Πίεση]]: 1 [[ατμοσφαιρική πίεση|atm]] (ορισμένη ως 101.325 [[Πασκάλ (μονάδα πίεσης)|kPa]]).
Αυτές τις συνθήκες χρησιμοποιούν και τα ελληνικά σχολικά βιβλία φυσικής και χημείας.
== Σύγχρονη χρήση ==
Πολλοί διαφορετικοί ορισμοί είναι σήμερα σε χρήση. Επίσης κάτω από τον όρο '''κανονικές συνθήκες''' προστίθενται και άλλες μετρήσεις όπως η [[υγρασία ατμόσφαιρας|ατμοσφαιρική υγρασία]] και η [[ατμοσφαιρική πίεση]] ξεχωριστά από την πίεση γενικά.
Σήμερα, λόγω των εθνικών και διεθνών [[οργανισμός τυποποίησης|οργανισμών τυποποίησης]], οι διάφορες ''κανονικές συνθήκες'' ορίζονται ανάλογα για κάθε ξεχωριστό ''άρθρο'' του αντίστοιχου οργανισμού και αφορούν το συγκεκριμένο θέμα.
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{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Σύγχρονη χρήση ΚΣ (Κανονικών Συνθηκών)'''
! [[Θερμοκρασία]] !! [[Πίεση]] !! [[Σχετική υγρασία]]
!rowspan="2"| Δημοσίευση ή Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης
|-
!°C!!kPa!!% RH
|-
|align="center"|0||align="center"|100.000|| ||International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|[[IUPAC]] (present definition)<ref name=IUPAC/>
|-
|align="center"|0||align="center"|101.325|| ||[[IUPAC]] (former definition)<ref name=IUPAC>{{cite book |author= A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson |title=Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book |url=http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf |edition=2nd |year=1997 |publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=0865426848 |quote=Standard conditions for gases: Temperature, 273.15 K [...] and pressure of 10<sup>5</sup> pascals. IUPAC recommends that the former use of the pressure of 1 atm as standard pressure (equivalent to {{nowrap|1.01325 × 10<sup>5</sup> Pa}}) should be discontinued.}}</ref>, [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]<ref name=NISTDataBase7>{{cite web |url=http://www.nist.gov/srd/WebGuide/nist7/07_2.htm |title=NIST Standard Reference Database 7 – NIST Electron and Positron Stopping Powers of Materials Database |accessdate=08-07-25 |author=[[NIST]] |year=1989 |quote=If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm<sup>3</sup> at standard conditions (0 deg C and 1 atm).}}</ref>, ISO 10780<ref name=ISO10780>{{Citation |author=[[ISO]] | title=ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions - Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts |year=1994 |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=18855}}</ref>
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|align="center"|15||align="center"|101.325||align="center"|0<ref name=Handbook>{{cite book|author=Robert C. Weast (Editor)|title=Handbook of Physics and Chemistry|edition=56th|publisher=CRC Press|pages=F201–F206|year=1975|isbn=0-87819-455-X}}</ref><ref name=ISO13443>"Natural gas – Standard reference conditions", ISO 13443, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm ISO Standards Catalogue]</ref>||[[ICAO]]'s [[International Standard Atmosphere|ISA]],<ref name=Handbook/> ISO 13443,<ref name=ISO13443/> [[European Environment Agency|EEA]],<ref name=EEA>"Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels", Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 - 050303, September 1999, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark [http://reports.eea.eu.int/EMEPCORINAIR3/en/B521vs3.1.pdf Emission Inventory Guidebook]
</ref> EGIA<ref name=EGIA>"Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131 (defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units) [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/SOR-86-131/95708.html Canadian Laws]</ref>
|-
|align="center"|20||align="center"|101.325|| ||[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]],<ref name=NSPS>"Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990 [http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/08aug20051500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2005/julqtr/pdf/40cfr60.2.pdf New Source Performance Standards]</ref> NIST<ref name=NISTJournal>"Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard", Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol.108, Number 1, 2003 [http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.01/PDFs/2003/j80wri.pdf NIST Journal]</ref>
|-
|align="center"|25||align="center"|101.325|| ||EPA<ref name=NAAQS>"National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998 [http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/08aug20051500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2005/julqtr/pdf/40cfr50.3.pdf National Ambient Air Standards]</ref>
|-
|align="center"|25||align="center"|100.000|| ||SATP<ref name=NBS>"Table of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties", National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Journal of Physics and Chemical Reference Data, 1982, Vol. 11, Supplement 2.</ref>
|-
|align="center"|20||align="center"|100.000||align="center"|0||[[Compressed Air and Gas Institute|CAGI]]<ref name=CAGI>"Glossary", 2002, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA [http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm Glossary]</ref>
|-
|align="center"|15||align="center"|100.000|| ||[[Society of Petroleum Engineers|SPE]]<ref name=SPE>[http://www.spe.org/spe-site/spe/spe/papers/authors/Metric_Standard.pdf The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard] (Notes for Table 2.3, on PDF page 25 of 42 PDF pages, define two different sets of reference conditions, one for the standard cubic foot and one for the standard cubic meter)</ref>
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|align="center"|20||align="center"|101.3||align="center"|50|| ISO 5011<ref name=ISO5011>"Air Intake Filters", ISO 5011:2002, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html ISO]</ref>
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!°F!!psi!! % RH
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|align="center"|60||align="center"|14.696|| ||SPE,<ref name=SPE/> U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]],<ref name=OSHA>"Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR--Labor, Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993 [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=f169acd0f57a17565c9984fa0f57d285&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29:5.1.1.1.8.8.33.10&idno=29 Storage/Handling of LPG]</ref> [[SCAQMD]]<ref name=SCAQMD>"Rule 102, Definition of Terms (Standard Conditions)", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA [http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg01/r102.pdf SCAQMD Rule 102]</ref>
|-
|align="center"|60||align="center"|14.73|| ||EGIA,<ref name=EGIA/> [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries|OPEC]],<ref name=OPEC>"Annual Statistical Bulletin", 2004, Editor-in-chief: Dr. Omar Ibrahim, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Vienna, Austria [http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/pdf/ASB2004.pdf OPEC Statistical Bulletin]</ref> U.S. [[Energy Information Administration|EIA]]<ref name=EIA>"Natural Gas Annual 2004", DOE/EIA-0131(04), December 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C., USA [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/natgas/013104.pdf Natural Gas Annual 2004]</ref>
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|align="center"|59||align="center"|14.503||align="center"|78|||U.S. Army Standard Metro<ref name=ArmyStdMetro>{{cite book|url=http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm |title=Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition |chapter= Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions |author=Sierra Bullets L.P.|year= |publisher= |pages= }}"Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions", Exterior Ballistics Section, Sierra's "Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition", Sedalia, MO, USA [http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm Exterior Ballistics]</ref><ref>The pressure is specified as 750 [[mmHg]]. However, the [[mmHg]] is temperature dependant, as mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0-20°C range are given.</ref>
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|align="center"|59||align="center"|14.696||align="center"|60||ISO 2314, ISO 3977-2<ref name=ISO3977-2>"Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings", ISO 3977-2:1997 and "Gas turbines - Acceptance tests", ISO 2314:1989, Edition 2, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html ISO]</ref>
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!°F!!in Hg!! % RH
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|align="center"|70||align="center"|29.92||align="center"|0||[[Air Movement and Control Association|AMCA]],<ref name=AMCA>ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied here: http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf when accessed on October 17, 2007</ref><ref name ="AMCA note">The standard is given as 29.92 [[inHg]] at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F)</ref> air density = 0.075 lbm/ft³. This AMCA standard applies only to air.
|}
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== Εκφράσεις ==
*''Υπό κάπα-σίγμα''
*''Υπό ΚΣ''
*''Υπό κανονικές συνθήκες''
*''Κάτω από κανονικές συνθήκες''
Παρόλο που το '''υπό'' συντάσσεται με γενική χρησιμοποιείται, στην καθομιλουμένη και στον γραπτό λόγο, με ονομαστική σε αντικατάσταση του όρου ''φυσιολογικά'' είτε κανονικά είτε, πολλές φορές, ειρωνικά.
== Παραπομπές ==
{{Παραπομπές}}
== Δείτε επίσης ==
*[[Συνηθισμένες συνθήκες]]
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