Κλάδος: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

* In node-based naming, clade name A refers to the least inclusive clade containing taxons (or specimens) X, Y, etc., and their common ancestor. The ancestor is the branch point, or ''node''.

* In stem-based naming, A refers to the most inclusive clade containing X, Y, etc., and their common ancestor, butdown notto where Z branchingbranches off below A. Taxa are included between the node of A and down to (but not including) the nodebranching leadingpoint to Z; that is, the ''stem'' of A.

Differences between a Linnaean/apomorphy-based clades and a node-based ones become obvious when the phylogenetic hypothesis changes. When two species previously considered closely related are found to belong to different groups (e.g. the [[giant panda]] and the [[red panda]]), one of the species will be taken out of the Linnaean unit (in this case the "pandas" of the [[Ursidae|bear family]]) and transfered to a more appropriate unit or given it's own (the [[Ailuridae]]). In cladistics, the unit "pandas", the giant panda + the red panda remain, but the clade is now known to contain all [[Ursidae|bears]] as well as [[Mustelidae|mustelids]], [[Procyonidae|racoons and kind]], [[skunk]]s and [[Pinniped|seals]].<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=285902 Wesley-Hunt, Gina D., and John J. Flynn (2005). "Phylogeny of the Carnivores". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology no 3: pp 1-28.]</ref>