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{{About|the U.S. state of Alabama|other uses|Alabama (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Πολιτεία ΗΠΑ
|Όνομα= Αλαμπάμα
|ΠλήρεςΌνομα= Πολιτεία της Αλαμπάμα
|Σημαία= Flag of Alabama.svg
|Flaglink= [[Σημαία της Αλαμπάμα|Σημαία]]
|Σφραγίδα= Seal of Alabama.svg
|Seallink= [[Seal of Alabama|Seal]]
|Coat of arms= Alabama-COA.png
|Coatlink= [[Coat of arms of Alabama|Coat of arms]]
|Χάρτης= Alabama in United States.svg
|Ψευδώνυμο= Yellowhammer State; Heart of [[Dixie]]; Cotton State
|Demonym= [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Alabamian]]<ref>[http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Confederate/AL.php The Alabama monument south of Gettysburg]</ref>
|Σύνθημα= [[Audemus jura nostra defendere]] ([[Latin]])
|MottoEnglish= We dare defend our rights
|Πρώην= Alabama Territory
|Πρωτεύουσα= [[Μοντγκόμερι, Αλαμπάμα|Μοντγκόμερι]]
|ΕπίσημηΓλώσσα= Αγγλικά
|Γλώσσες= Αγγλική (96,17%) <br />Ισπανική (2,12%)
|ΜεγαλύτερηΜητροπολιτική= [[Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman Combined Statistical Area|Greater Birmingham Area]]
|ΜεγαλύτερηΠόλη= [[Μπέρμιγχαμ, Αλαμπάμα|Μπέρμιγχαμ]]<br />212.237 <small>(2010 census)</small>
|Κυβερνήτης= [[Ρόμπερτ Τζ. Μπέντλεϊ]] ([[Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ)|Ρ]])
|Αναπληρωτής Κυβερνήτης= [[Κέι Άϊβι]] ([[Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ)|Ρ]])
|ΝομοθετικόΣώμα= [[Νομοθετικό Σώμα της Αλαμπάμα]]
|Άνωβουλή= [[Γερουσία της Αλαμπάμα|Γερουσία]]
|Κάτωβουλή= [[Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων της Αλαμπάμα|Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων]]
|Γερουσιαστές= [[Ρίτσαρντ Σέλμπυ]] (Ρ)<br />[[Τζεφ Σέσσιονς]] (Ρ)
|Αντιπρόσωπος= 6 Ρεπουμπλικανοί, 1 Δημοκρατικός
|TradAbbreviation= Ala.
|ΤαχυδρομικήΣυντόμευση= AL
|ΈκτασηΚατάταξη= 30ή
|ΣυνολικήΈκταση= 135.765
|ΣυνολικήΈκτασηUS= 52.419
|ΈκτασηΞηράς= 131.426
|ΈκτασηΞηράςUS= 50.744
|ΝερόΈκταση= 4.338
|ΝερόΈκτασηUS= 1.675
|ΠοσοστόΝερό= 3,20
|ΠληθΚατάταξη= 23η
|2000Πληθ= 4.802.740 (εκτίμηση 2011)<ref name="quickcensus">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html |title=Alabama |work=QuickFacts |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
|ΠυκνότηταΚατάταξη= 27η
|2010Πυκνότητα= 36,5 (εκτίμηση 2011)
|2010ΠυκνότηταUS= 94,7 (εκτίμηση 2011)
|ΣειράΕισόδου= 22η
|ΗμερομηνίαΕισόδου= 14 Δεκεμβρίου 1819
|ΖώνηΏρας= [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Standard Time|-6]]/[[Central Daylight Time|-5]]
|TZ1Where= most of state
|TimeZone2= [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|Eastern]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Eastern Time Zone|−5]]/[[Eastern Daylight Time|−4]]
|TZ2Where= [[Phenix City, Alabama]] area
|ΓεωγραφικόΠλάτος= 30° 11′ Β έως 35° Β
|ΓεωγραφικόΜήκος= 84° 53′ Δ έως 88° 28′ Δ
|Πλάτος= 305
|ΠλάτοςUS= 190
|Μήκος= 531
|ΜήκοςUS= 330
|ΜεγαλύτερηΚομητεία= [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin County]]
|ΥψηλότεροΣημείο= [[Mount Cheaha]]<ref>{{cite ngs|id=DG3595|designation= Cheehahaw|accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
|ΥψηλότεροΥψομ= 735.5
|ΥψηλότεροΥψομUS= 2,413
|ΜέσοΥψόμετρο= 150
|ΜέσοΥψόμετροUS= 500
|ΧαμηλότεροΣημείο= [[Κόλπος του Μεξικού]]<ref name=USGS/>
|ΧαμηλότεροΥψομ= 0
|ΧαμηλότεροΥψομUS= 0
|ISOCode= US-AL
|Ιστοσελίδα= alabama.gov
}}
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
|Boxwidth= 25em
|Flag= Flag of Alabama.svg |Flagsize= 125px
|Name= Alabama
|Amphibian= [[Red Hills salamander]]
|Bird= [[Northern Flicker|Yellowhammer]], [[Wild Turkey]]
|Butterfly= [[Eastern Tiger Swallowtail]]
|Fish= [[Largemouth bass]], [[Atlantic tarpon|Fighting tarpon]]
|Flower= [[Camellia]], [[Hydrangea quercifolia|Oak-leaf Hydrangea]]
|Insect= [[Monarch Butterfly]]
|Mammal= [[American Black Bear]], [[Racking horse]]
|Reptile= [[Alabama red-bellied turtle]]
|Tree= [[Longleaf Pine]]
|Beverage= [[Conecuh Ridge Whiskey]]
|Colors= Red, White
|Dance= [[Square Dance]]
|Food= [[Pecan]], [[Blackberry]], [[Peach]]
|Fossil= [[Basilosaurus]]
|Gemstone= [[Star Blue Quartz]]
|Mineral= [[Hematite]]
|StateRock= [[Marble]]
|Shell= [[Johnstone's Junonia]]
|Slogan= ''Share The Wonder'',<br />''Alabama the beautiful'',<br />''Where America finds its voice'',<br />''[[Sweet Home Alabama]]''
|Soil= [[Bama (soil)|Bama]]
|Song= ''[[Alabama (song)]]''
|Route Marker= Alabama 67.svg
|Quarter= 2003 AL Proof.png
|QuarterReleaseDate= 2003
}}
Η '''Αλαμπάμα''', στα αγγλικά ''Alabama''({{Audio-IPA|en-us-Alabama.ogg|/ˌæləˈbæmə/}}), είναι μια πολιτεία που βρίσκεται στην [[Νότιες Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες|νοτιοδυτική περιοχή]] των [[Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες|Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών]]. Συνορεύει με το [[Τενεσσί]] στα βόρεια, την [[Τζόρτζια]] στα ανατολικά, την [[Φλόριντα]] και τον [[Κόλπος του Μεξικού|Κόλπο του Μεξικού]] στα νότια, και το [[Μισισίπι]] στα δυτικά. Η Αλαμπάμα είναι η [[Κατάλογος πολιτειών και εδαφών των ΗΠΑ κατά έκταση|30ή σε έκταση]] και η [[Κατάλογος πολιτειών και εδαφών των ΗΠΑ κατά πληθυσμό|23η σε πληθυσμό]] από τις [[50 Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες]]. Η Αλαμπάμα κατατάσσεται δεύτερη σε έκταση εγχώριων ποτάμιων δρόμων.
 
Από τον [[Αμερικανικός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος|Αμερικανικό Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο]] μέχρι τον [[Β' Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος|Β' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο]], η Αλαμπάμα, όπως πολλές Νότιες πολιτείες, υπέφερε από οικονομική δυσπραγία, εν μέρει λόγω της συνεχούς εξάρτησής της από την γεωργία. Παρά την ανάπτυξη μεγάλων βιομηχανιών και αστικών κέντρων, τα [[Λευκοί Αμερικανοί|αγροτκά συμφέροντα των λευκών]] κυριάρχησαν στην πολιτεία μέχρι την δεκαετία του 1960s, ενώ τα αστιά συμφέροντα και οι [[Αφροαμερικανοί]] υποεκπροσωπούνταν.<ref name="pjhwpa">{{cite web|url=http://elections.gmu.edu/Redistricting/AL.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071017192719/http://elections.gmu.edu/Redistricting/AL.htm |archivedate=October 17, 2007 |title=George Mason University, United States Election Project: Alabama Redistricting Summary, accessed March 10, 2008 |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=October 24, 2010}}</ref>
 
Μετά τον Β' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο, η Αλαμπάμα γνώρισε ανάπτυξη καθώς η πολιτεία μεταβλήθηκε από εξαρτώμενη στην γεωργία σε μία ποικίλων συμφερόντων. Η ίδρυση ή επέκταση πολλών εγκαταστάσεων [[Αμερικανικές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις]] συνέβαλαν στην οικονομία της πολιτείας και βοήθησαν την γεφύρωση του χάσματος μεταξύ μιας αγροτικής και μιας βιομηχανικής οικονομίας κατά το μέσο του 20ού αιώνα. Η οικονομία της πολιτείας τον 21ο αιώνα εξαρτάται από τη διοίκηση, την χρηματοδότηση, την κατασκευή προϊόντων, την αεροδιαστημική, την εξόρυξη, την εκπαίδευση, το λιανικό εμπόριο, την υγειονομική περίθαλψη και την τεχνολογία.<ref name="alaindustrial">{{cite web |url=http://www2.dir.alabama.gov/projections/Occupational/Proj2018/Statewide/alabama2008_2018.pdf |title=Alabama Occupational Projections 2008-2018 |work=Alabama Department of Industrial Relations |publisher=State of Alabama |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
Η Αλαμπάμα ονομάζεται επίσημα ''[[Northern Flicker|Yellowhammer]] State'', after the [[List of U.S. state birds|state bird]]. Alabama is also known as the "[[Dixie|Heart of Dixie]]." The [[List of U.S. state trees|state tree]] is the [[Longleaf Pine]], the [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] is the [[Camellia]]. Η πρωτεύουσα της Αλαμπάμα είναι το [[Μοντγκόμερι, Αλάμπαμα|Μοντγκόμερι]]. Η μεγαλύτερη πόλη σε πληθυσμό είναι το [[Μπέρμιγχαμ, Αλαμπάμα|Μπέρμιγχαμ]].<ref name="quickcensus"/> The largest city by total land area is [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]]. The oldest city is [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], founded by French [[colonists]].<ref name="pelican">Thomason, Michael. ''Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City'',pages 2–21. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7</ref>
 
==Ιστορία==
{{Κύριο|Ιστορία της Αλαμπάμα}}
<!---please insert new material in main article before summarizing here. Also, look for opportunities to delete material here if you are inserting new material. This is long enough. --->
 
===Ετυμολογία===
[[File:Russel Cave Entrance RUCA9323.jpg|thumb|One of the entrances to [[Russell Cave National Monument|Russell Cave]] in Jackson County. Charcoal from camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6550 to 6145 BC.]]
The [[Alabama people]], a [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean-speaking tribe]] whose members lived just below the confluence of the [[Coosa River|Coosa]] and [[Tallapoosa River]]s on the upper reaches of the [[Alabama River]],<ref name="Read">{{Cite book|last=Read |first=William A. |title=Indian Place Names in Alabama |year=1984 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=0-8173-0231-X |oclc=10724679 }}</ref> served as the [[etymology|etymological source]] of the names of the river and state. In the [[Alabama language]], the word for an Alabama person is ''Albaamo'' (or variously ''Albaama'' or ''Albàamo'' in different dialects; the plural form "Alabama persons" is ''Albaamaha'').<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sylestine, Cora; Hardy; Heather; and Montler, Timothy |title=Dictionary of the Alabama Language |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |year=1993 |isbn=0-292-73077-2 |url=http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/ |oclc=26590560 }}</ref> The word ''Alabama'' is believed to have originated from the [[Choctaw language]]<ref name="Rogers">{{Cite book|last=Rogers |first=William W.|coauthors=Robert D. Ward, Leah R. Atkins, Wayne Flynt |title=Alabama: the History of a Deep South State |year=1994 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=0-8173-0712-5 |oclc=28634588 }}</ref> and was later adopted by the Alabama tribe as their name.<ref name="ADAH1">{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.alabama.gov/statenam.html |title=Alabama: The State Name |accessdate=August 2, 2007|work=All About Alabama |publisher=[[Alabama Department of Archives and History]]| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070628215841/http://www.archives.alabama.gov/statenam.html| archivedate= June 28, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The spelling of the word varies significantly between sources.<ref name="ADAH1"/> The first usage appears in three accounts of the [[Hernando de Soto]] expedition of 1540 with [[Garcilasso de la Vega]] using ''Alibamo'', while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote ''Alibamu'' and ''Limamu'', respectively.<ref name="ADAH1"/> As early as 1702, the tribe was known to the French as ''Alibamon'' with French maps identifying the river as ''Rivière des Alibamons''.<ref name="Read"/> Other spellings of the appellation have included ''Alibamu'', ''Alabamo'', ''Albama'', ''Alebamon'', ''Alibama'', ''Alibamou'', ''Alabamu'', and ''Allibamou''.<ref name="ADAH1"/><ref name="Wills">{{Cite book|last=Wills |first=Charles A. |title=A Historical Album of Alabama |year=1995 |publisher=The Millbrook Press |isbn=1-56294-591-2 |oclc=32242468 }}</ref><ref name="Griffith">{{Cite book|last=Griffith |first=Lucille |title=Alabama: A Documentary History to 1900|year=1972 |publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=0-8173-0371-5 |oclc=17530914 }}</ref><ref name="Weiss">The use of state names derived from [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American languages]] is common; an estimated 27&nbsp;states have names of Native American origin. {{Cite book|last=Weiss |first=Sonia |title= The Complete Idiot's Guide to Baby Names |year=1999 |publisher=Mcmillan USA |isbn=0-02-863367-9 |oclc=222611214 }}</ref>
 
Although the origin of ''Alabama'' could be discerned, sources disagree on its meaning. An 1842 article in the ''Jacksonville Republican'' originated the idea that the meaning was "Here We Rest."<ref name="ADAH1"/> This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of [[Alexander Beaufort Meek]].<ref name="ADAH1"/> Experts in the [[Muskogean languages]] have been unable to find any evidence to support such a translation.<ref name="Read"/><ref name="ADAH1"/> Scholars believe the word comes from the Choctaw ''alba'' (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and ''amo'' (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather").<ref name="Rogers"/><ref name="ADAH1"/><ref name="Swanton1">{{Cite journal|last=Swanton |first=John R. |authorlink=John R. Swanton |year=1953 |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |journal=Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145 |pages=153–174 |url=http://www.hiddenhistory.com/PAGE3/swsts/alabam-1.htm |accessdate=August 2, 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070804025900/http://www.hiddenhistory.com/PAGE3/swsts/alabam-1.htm| archivedate= August 04 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The meaning may have been "clearers of the thicket"<ref name="Rogers"/> or "herb gatherers"<ref name="Swanton1"/><ref name="Swanton2">{{Cite journal|last=Swanton |first=John R. |authorlink=John R. Swanton |year=1937 |title=Review of Read, Indian Place Names of Alabama|journal=American Speech|pages=212–215|issue=12 |doi=10.2307/452431 |volume=12 |jstor=452431}}</ref> which may refer to clearing of land for cultivation<ref name="Wills"/> or to collecting medicinal plants.<ref name="Swanton2"/>
 
===Pre-European settlement===
[[File:Moundville Archaeological Site Alabama.jpg|thumb|The [[Moundville Archaeological Site]] in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture from 1000 AD to 1450 AD.]]
[[Indigenous peoples]] of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before European colonization. Trade with the Northeast via the [[Ohio River]] began during the Burial Mound Period (1000&nbsp;BC–AD&nbsp;700) and continued until [[European colonization of the Americas|European contact]].<ref name="NewYorkTimesAlmanac">{{cite news|url= http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/NYT_ALMANAC_US_ALABAMA.html |title= Alabama |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |date= August 11, 2006 |work= The New York Times Almanac 2004| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060926105134/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/NYT_ALMANAC_US_ALABAMA.html| archivedate= September 26, 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
The agrarian [[Mississippian culture]] covered most of the state from AD 1000 to 1600, with one of its major centers being at the [[Moundville Archaeological Site]] in [[Moundville, Alabama]].<ref>{{Cite book|last= Welch |first= Paul D. |title= Moundville's Economy |publisher= [[University of Alabama Press]] |year= 1991 |isbn= 0-8173-0512-2 |oclc= 21330955 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last= Walthall |first= John A. |title= Prehistoric Indians of the Southeast-Archaeology of Alabama and the Middle South |publisher= [[University of Alabama Press]] |year= 1990 |isbn= 0-8173-0552-1 |oclc= 26656858 }}</ref> Analysis of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] recovered from [[archaeological]] excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] (SECC).<ref>{{Cite book|last= Townsend |first= Richard F. |title= [[Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand]] |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-300-10601-7 |oclc= 56633574 }}</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to [[Mesoamerica]]n culture, but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.<ref>{{Cite book|editors= F. Kent Reilly and James Garber |title= [[Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms]] |publisher= [[University of Texas Press]] |year= 2004 |isbn= 978-0-292-71347-5 |author= edited by F. Kent Reilly III and James F. Garber ; foreword by Vincas P. Steponaitis. |oclc= 70335213 }}</ref>
 
Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in the area of present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were [[Iroquoian]]-speaking [[Cherokee]], and the [[Muskogean]]-speaking [[Alabama (people)|Alabama]] (''Alibamu''), [[Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw]], [[Creek people|Creek]], and [[Koasati]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama/ |title= Alabama Indian Tribes |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |date= Updated 2006 |work= Indian Tribal Records |publisher= AccessGenealogy.com| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20061012073735/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama/ | archivedate= October 12, 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
===European settlement===
[[File:Mobile1725.jpg|thumb|left|French map from 1725 showing the "Plan Profile and Elevation of [[Fort Conde|Fort Condé]] at Mobile."]]
The French founded the first European settlement in the region at [[Old Mobile Site|Old Mobile]], in 1702.<ref name="US50">{{cite web|url= http://www.theus50.com/alabama/ |title= Alabama State History |accessdate=September 23, 2006 |publisher= theUS50.com| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060825052401/http://www.theus50.com/alabama/| archivedate= August 25, 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The city was moved to the current site of [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] in 1711. This area was French from 1702 to 1763, part of British [[West Florida]] from 1763 to 1783, and split between the United States and Spain from 1783–1821. Thomas Bassett, a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalist]] to the British monarchy, was the one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside of the Mobile area. He settled in the [[Tombigbee District|Tombigbee settlements]], in what is now [[Washington County, Alabama|Washington County]], during the early 1770s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/aha/markers/washington.html |title=Alabama Historical Association Marker Program: Washington County |publisher=Archives.state.al.us |accessdate=June 1, 2011}}</ref> What is now the counties of [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin]] and [[Mobile County|Mobile]] became part of [[Spanish West Florida]] in 1783, part of the independent [[Republic of West Florida]] in 1810, and was finally added to the [[Mississippi Territory]] in 1812. The area making up today's northern and central Alabama and Mississipi, then known as the [[Yazoo lands]], had been claimed by the [[Province of Georgia]] after 1767. Following the [[American Revolution|Revolutionary War]], it remained a part of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], although heavily disputed.<ref>Cadle, Farris W. Georgia Land Surveying History and Law (1991). Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press.</ref>
 
[[File:Mississippiterritory.PNG|thumb|Map showing the formation of the Mississippi and Alabama territories.]]
With the exception of the immediate area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now central Alabama was made part of the [[Mississippi Territory]] upon its creation in 1798. The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the [[Yazoo land scandal]]. Spain had kept a governmental presence in Mobile after 1812. When [[Andrew Jackson]]'s forces occupied Mobile in 1814 he demonstrated the United States' de facto authority over the region, which effectively ended Spanish influence, although not its claim, while gaining an unencumbered passage to the Gulf of Mexico from the hinterlands of the territory.<ref name="StateMaster">{{cite web|url= http://www.statemaster.com/graph-T/bac_sum |title= AL-Alabama |accessdate=September 23, 2006 |work= Landscapes and History by state |publisher= StateMaster.com}}</ref> Prior to the admission of [[Mississippi]] as a state on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the [[Alabama Territory]]. The Alabama Territory was created by the [[United States Congress]] on March 3, 1817. [[St. Stephens, Alabama|St. Stephens]], now a ghost town, served as the territorial [[Capital (political)|capital]] from 1817 to 1819.<ref name="eoaststephens">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1674 |title=Old St. Stephens |work=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Auburn University |accessdate=June 21, 2011}}</ref>
 
===Πρώιμη περίοδος ως πολιτεία===
[[File:Oldalabamastatecapruinsintuscaloosa.png|thumb|left|Ερείπια του κτιρίου του πρώην καπιτωλίου στο Κάπιτολ Παρκ στην Τασκαλούζα. Designed by [[William Nichols (architect)|William Nichols]], it was built from 1827–29. It became the Alabama Central Female College in 1857, more than a decade after the capital had been moved to Montgomery. It was destroyed by fire in 1923.]]
 
Alabama was admitted to the Union in 1819 as the 22nd state. [[Cahaba, Alabama|Cahaba]], also now a ghost town, was the first permanent state capital, from 1820 to 1825.<ref name="Cahaw">{{cite web|title=Old Cahawba, Alabama's first state capital, 1820 to 1826|work=Old Cahawba: A Cahawba Advisory Committee Project|url=http://www.cahawba.com/|accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref> [[Alabama Fever]] was already underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation.<ref name="fever">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-3155 |title=Alabama Fever |author=LeeAnna Keith |date=October 13, 2011 |work=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Auburn University |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name="adahtalafvr">{{cite web |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/kingcotton.htm |title=Alabama Fever |work=Alabama Department of Archives and History |publisher=State of Alabama |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name="alhrtg">{{cite web |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/kingcotton.htm |title=King Cotton in Alabama: A Brief History |author=Thomas W. Oliver |date=August 15, 2007 |work=Alabama Heritage |publisher=University of Alabama, et al. |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref> Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men. Southeastern planters and traders from the [[Upper South]] brought [[History of slavery in Alabama|slaves]] with them as the cotton [[Plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States|plantations]] expanded. The economy of the central "[[Black Belt (region of Alabama)|Black Belt]]" (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew largely from slave labor.<ref name="SSpaces"/> The area also drew many poor, disfranchised people who became [[subsistence farmers]]. Alabama had a population estimated at under 10,000 people in 1810, but it had increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830.<ref name="fever"/> Most Native American tribes were [[Indian removal|completely removed]] from the state within a few years of the passage of the [[Indian Removal Act]] by the [[United States Congress]] in 1830.<ref name="ala">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1598 |title=Alabama |author=Wayne Flynt |date=July 9, 2008 |work=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Auburn University |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
[[File:Thornhill 01.jpg|thumb|The main house (built 1833) at [[Thornhill (Forkland, Alabama)|Thornhill]], a [[Black Belt (region of Alabama)|Black Belt]] plantation.]]
From 1826 to 1846, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] served as the capital of Alabama. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced that it had voted to remove the capital city from Tuscaloosa to [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847.<ref name="capitols">{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/capital/capitals.html |title=Capitals of Alabama |work=Alabama Department of Archives and History |publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History |accessdate=July 8, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110716220255/http://www.archives.state.al.us/capital/capitals.html| archivedate= July 16, 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> A new capitol building was erected under the direction of [[Stephen Decatur Button]] of [[Philadelphia]]. The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. It was designed by Barachias Holt of [[Exeter, Maine]].<ref name="alcatalog">{{cite book | last =Gamble | first =Robert | year =1987 | title =The Alabama Catalog: A Guide to the Early Architecture of the State | pages=144, 323–324 | publisher =University of Alabama Press | location = University, AL | isbn =0-8173-0148-8 }}</ref><ref name="alarchitecture">{{cite book | last =Bowsher | first =Alice Meriwether | year =2001 | title =Alabama Architecture | pages=90–91 | publisher =University of Alabama Press | location = Tuscaloosa | isbn =0-8173-1081-9 }}</ref> By 1860 the population had increased to a total of 964,201 people, of which 435,080 were enslaved African Americans and 2,690 were [[free people of color]].<ref name="adahtmln">{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.alabama.gov/timeline/al1801.html |title=Alabama History Timeline |work=Alabama Department of Archives and History |publisher=State of Alabama |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
===Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος και Ανασυγκρότηση===
[[File:Huntsville Courthouse Square 1864.jpg|thumb|left|Οι δυνάμεις του [[Στρατός της Ένωσης|Στρατού της Ένωσης]] στο Courthouse Square στη Χάντσβιλ, μετά την κατάληψη και επανακατοχή του από ομοσπονδιακές δυνάμεις το 1864.]]
{{κύριο|Η Αλαμπάμα στον Αμερικανικό Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο}}
Στις 11 Ιανουαρίου 1861, η Αλαμπάμα κήρυξε την [[Απόσχιση στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες|απόσχιση]] της από την [[Ένωση (Αμερικανικός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος)|Ένωση]] και εισήλθε στις [[Συνομόσπονδες Πολιτείες Αμερικής]]. Ενώ λίγες μάχες έγιναν στην πολιτεία, η Αλαμπάνα συνεισέφερε περίπου 120.000 στρατιώτες στον Αμερικανικό Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο. Οι σκλάβοι της Αλαμπάμα απελευθερώθηκαν με την 13η Τροποποίηση το 1865.<ref name="HistDocs">{{cite web|url= http://www.historicaldocuments.com/13thAmendment.htm |title= 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865) |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |year= 2005 |work= Historical Documents |publisher= HistoricalDocuments.com}}</ref> Μια ομάδα στρατιωτών του ιππικού από τη Χάντσβιλ, αλαμπάμα, ενώθηκεμε τις δυνάμεις του Στρατηγού Φόρρεστ στο Κεντάκι. The Huntsville company wore fine, new uniforms with yellow cloth on the sleeves, collars and coat tails. This lead to them being greeted with "Yellowhammer" and later all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army were nicknamed "Yellowhammers".<ref> [http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_bird.html Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama, State Bird of Alabama, Yellowhammer]. Alabama State Archives </ref>
 
Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war until official restoration to the Union in 1868. From 1867 to 1874 many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state. The state was represented in Congress during this period by three African American congressmen: [[Jeremiah Haralson]], [[Benjamin S. Turner]], and [[James T. Rapier]].<ref name="alrecnstrctn">{{cite web |url=http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec24.html |title=Reconstruction in Alabama: A Quick Summary |work=Alabama Moments in American History |publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
[[File:Alabama legislature 1872.jpg|thumb|The [[Alabama Legislature]] during Reconstruction in 1872.]]
Following the war, the state was still chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. During [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], state legislators ratified a [[Constitution of Alabama|new state constitution]] in 1868 that created a public school system for the first time and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation.<ref name="alrecnstrctn"/> During this time, organized resistance groups acted to suppress freedmen and Republicans. Although the [[Ku Klux Klan]] is the most well known, also among these groups were the Pale Faces, [[Knights of the White Camellia]], [[Red Shirts (Southern United States)|Red Shirts]], and [[White League]].<ref name="alrecnstrctn"/>
 
Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874, when Democrats took control of the legislature and governor's office. They wrote a new constitution in 1875.<ref name="alrecnstrctn"/> Also in 1875, the legislature passed the [[Blaine Amendment]], to prohibit public money from being used to finance religious affiliated schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolreport.com/schoolreport/articles/blaine_7_00.htm |title=A Blaine Amendment Update (July 00) |publisher=Schoolreport.com |accessdate=June 1, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110716014339/http://www.schoolreport.com/schoolreport/articles/blaine_7_00.htm| archivedate= July 16, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> In that same year, legislation was approved that called for [[racial segregation|racially segregated]] schools.<ref name="jimcrowala">{{cite web |url=http://www.classroomhelp.com/till/jimcrowlaws/jimcrowalabama.html |title=Jim Crow Laws in Alabama |work=Emmett Till, It All Began With A Whistle |publisher=Classroomhelp |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref> Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891.<ref name="jimcrowala"/> Additional [[Jim Crow laws]] were passed after the turn of the century.
 
===1900–1960===
[[File:Birmingham Alabama skyline 1915.jpg|thumb|left|The developing skyline of Birmingham in 1915.]]
The new 1901 [[Constitution of Alabama]] included electoral laws that effectively [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disfranchised]] African Americans and most poor whites through voting restrictions, including [[Poll tax (United States)|poll taxes]] and literacy requirements..<ref>J. Morgan Kousser.''The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974</ref> While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to support these legislative efforts, the new restrictions resulted in their disfranchisement as well, due mostly to imposition of the cumulative poll tax. In 1900, Alabama had more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote. By 1903, only 2,980 had qualified to register, although at least 74,000 black voters were [[literate]].<ref name="epzzsd"/> By 1941, a total of more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 whites to 520,000 blacks.<ref name="epzzsd">Glenn Feldman. ''The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama''. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, p. 136.</ref> Nearly all African Americans lost the ability to vote.
 
The 1901 constitution reiterated that schools be racially segregated. It also restated that interracial marriage was illegal, although it had already been against the law since 1867. Further racial segregation laws were passed into the 1950s: jails in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; bus stop waiting rooms in 1945; and all public transportation in 1955.<ref name="jimcrowala"/>
 
[[File:Mount Sinai School Autauga County July 2011 1.jpg|thumb|The former [[Mount Sinai School]] in rural Autauga County. Completed in 1919, it was one of the 387 [[Rosenwald School]]s built in the state for African American children.]]
The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disfranchised African Americans in the segregated state, but did not relieve them of paying taxes.<ref name="SSpaces">{{cite web|url= http://southernspaces.org/2004/black-belt |title= The Black Belt |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |date= April 19, 2004 |work= Southern Spaces Internet Journal |publisher= Emory University}}</ref> Continued racial discrimination, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to [[boll weevil]] infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans to seek opportunities in northern cities. They left Alabama in the early 20th&nbsp;century as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] to industrial jobs and better futures in northern industrial cities. The population growth rate in Alabama (see "Historical Populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920, reflecting the effect of emigration.
 
At the same time, many rural whites and blacks migrated to the city of [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] for work in new industrial jobs. It experienced such rapid growth that it was nicknamed "The Magic City". By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S. and held more than 30% of the population of the state. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Birmingham |title=Birmingham |publisher=Bhamwiki |accessdate=October 24, 2010}}</ref> Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought prosperity.<ref name="SSpaces"/> Cotton faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base.
 
===1960–2000===
[[File:Saturn V Tanks Mated - GPN-2000-000039.jpg|thumb|left|[[Saturn V]] being assembled at [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in Huntsville during 1964.]]
Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. In addition, the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside Birmingham.
 
One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "A minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature."<ref name="pjhwpa"/>
 
African Americans were presumed partial to Republicans for historical reasons, but they were disfranchised. White Alabamans felt bitter towards the Republican Party in the aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction. These factors created a longstanding tradition that any candidate who wanted to be viable with white voters had to run as a Democrat regardless of political beliefs. Disfranchisement and segregation began to end with the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]] from 1955–1968 and the enactment of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] by the [[United States Congress]]. During the 1960s, under Governor [[George Wallace]], failed attempts were made to resist federally-sanctioned [[desegregation]] efforts.
 
[[File:SelmaHeschelMarch.jpg|thumb|Photo taken during the third [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma to Montgomery march]].]]
During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans achieved a protection of voting and other civil rights through the passage of the national [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]],<ref name="cra64">{{cite web|url=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21 |title=Civil Rights Act of 1964 |publisher=Finduslaw.com |accessdate=October 24, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101021141154/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21| archivedate= October 21, 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> and the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]]. Legal segregation ended in the states as [[Jim Crow laws]] were invalidated or repealed.<ref name="USDOJ">{{cite web|url= http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/voting.htm |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070221054512/http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/voting.htm |archivedate= February 21, 2007 |title= Voting Rights |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |date= January 9, 2002 |work= Civil Rights: Law and History |publisher= U.S.Department of Justice}}</ref>
 
Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, cases were filed in Federal courts to force Alabama to redistrict by population both the House and Senate of the state legislature. In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature implemented the Alabama constitution's provision for periodic redistricting based on population. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years.<ref name="pjhwpa"/>
 
==Geography==
[[File:Map of Alabama terrain NA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Map of major cities, roads, lakes, and rivers in Alabama.]]
{{Main|Geography of Alabama}}
{{See also|List of Alabama counties|Geology of Alabama}}
 
Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with {{convert|52419|sqmi|km2|abbr=out|sp=us}} of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=n&_lang=en&mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S&format=US-9S&_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1-R&ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&geo_id=01000US |title= GCT-PH1-R. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density (areas ranked by population): 2000 |date=Census Year 2000 |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |work=Geographic Comparison Table |publisher= U.S.Census Bureau}}</ref> About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the [[Mississippi River]] and the Gulf of Mexico. The [[North Alabama]] region is mostly mountainous, with the [[Tennessee River]] cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.<ref name="NetState">{{cite web |url= http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/al_geography.htm |title= The Geography of Alabama |work=Geography of the States |publisher=NetState.com |date= August 11, 2006 |accessdate=September 23, 2006 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060917172224/http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/al_geography.htm |archivedate= September 17, 2006 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
The states bordering Alabama are Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and [[Mississippi]] to the west. Alabama has coastline at the [[Gulf of Mexico]], in the extreme southern edge of the state.<ref name="NetState"/> Alabama ranges in elevation from sea level<ref name="usgs">{{cite web|date=April 29, 2005 |url=http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=U.S Geological Survey |accessdate=November 3, 2006 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20061102095332/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate= November 02 2006 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl= no}}</ref> at [[Mobile Bay]] to over 1,800&nbsp;feet (550&nbsp;m) in the [[Appalachian Mountains]] in the northeast. The highest point is [[Mount Cheaha]],<ref name="NetState"/> at a height of {{convert|2413|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ngs>{{cite web |url=http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=DG3595 |title=NGS Data Sheet for Cheaha Mountain |publisher=[[U.S. National Geodetic Survey]] |accessdate=June 8, 2011}}</ref> Alabama's land consists of {{convert|22|e6acre|km2}} of forest or 67% of total land area.<ref>[http://www.alabamaforests.org/Introduction/index.html Alabama Forest Owner's Guide to Information Resources, Introduction], Alabamaforests.org</ref> Suburban [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin County]], along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_ST2S&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=4001&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=04000US01&-format=ST-2 |title=Alabama County (geographies ranked by total population) |date= Census year 2000 |work=Geographic Comparison Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=May 14, 2007|unused_data=ST-2S&-_lang=en}}</ref>
 
Areas in Alabama administered by the [[National Park Service]] include [[Horseshoe Bend National Military Park]] near [[Alexander City, Alabama|Alexander City]]; [[Little River Canyon National Preserve]] near [[Fort Payne, Alabama|Fort Payne]]; [[Russell Cave National Monument]] in [[Bridgeport, Alabama|Bridgeport]]; [[Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site]] in [[Tuskegee, Alabama|Tuskegee]]; and [[Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site]] near Tuskegee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.nps.gov/applications/parksearch/state.cfm?st=al |title=National Park Guide |accessdate=September 23, 2006 |work=Geographic Search |publisher=National Park Service – U.S. Department of the Interior |location=Washington, D.C |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060930090713/http://home.nps.gov/applications/parksearch/state.cfm?st=al |archivedate= September 30, 2006 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl= no}}</ref> Additionally, Alabama has four [[United States National Forest|National Forests]]: [[Conecuh National Forest|Conecuh]], [[Talladega National Forest|Talladega]], [[Tuskegee National Forest|Tuskegee]], and [[William B. Bankhead National Forest|William B. Bankhead]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/alabama/forests/ |title=National Forests in Alabama |accessdate=October 5, 2008 |work=USDA Forest Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081007051917/http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/alabama/forests/ |archivedate= October 07 2008 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl= no}}</ref> Alabama also contains the [[Natchez Trace Parkway]], the [[Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail]], and the [[Trail of Tears|Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail]]. A notable natural wonder in Alabama is [[Natural Bridge, Alabama|"Natural Bridge"]] rock, the longest [[natural bridge]] east of the [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]], located just south of [[Haleyville, Alabama|Haleyville]].
 
[[File:Cheaha Lake in the Fall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mount Cheaha]], Alabama's highest point.]]
A {{convert|5|mi|km|0|adj=on}}-wide meteorite impact crater is located in [[Elmore County, Alabama|Elmore County]], just north of Montgomery. This is the [[Wetumpka crater]], the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster." A {{convert|1000|ft|m|sing=on}}-wide meteorite hit the area about 80&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="mlvguh">{{cite Earth Impact DB |name= Wetumpka |accessdate =August 20, 2009}}</ref> The hills just east of downtown [[Wetumpka]] showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.<ref>"The Wetumpka Astrobleme" by John C. Hall, Alabama Heritage, Fall 1996, Number 42.</ref> In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=David T., Jr. |title=Wetumpka Crater |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1035 |work=Encyclopedia of Alabama |accessdate=December 13, 2011 |date=April 23, 2010}}</ref>
 
The northernmost point of Alabama lies approximately six miles northwest of [[Waterloo, Alabama|Waterloo]] in [[Lauderdale County, Alabama|Lauderdale County]] in the far northwest corner of the state. The southernmost point is [[Sand Island Light (Alabama)|Sand Island]], near [[Dauphin Island, Alabama|Dauphin Island]], in [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile County]]. The easternmost point lies eight miles southeast of [[Fort Mitchell, Alabama|Fort Mitchell]] in [[Russell County, Alabama|Russell County]] on the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] border. The westernmost point is the southern third of the [[Mississippi]] State line, ending near the town of Melvin in [[Choctaw County, Alabama|Choctaw County]].<ref>See [[Extreme points of U.S. states]]</ref>{{Better source|Other Wiki pages do not meet WP:RS requirements.|date=June 2012}}
 
===Urban areas===
[[File:Birmingham, Alabama Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], largest city and metropolitan area.]]
[[File:Downtown Huntsville, Alabama cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], second-largest metropolitan area.]]
[[File:Downtown Mobile 2008 01.jpg|thumb|[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], third-largest metropolitan area.]]
[[File:Montgomery Alabama panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], fourth-largest metropolitan area.]]
[[File:Greaterdowntowntuscaloosarenovationprojectin2010southeastviewofdowntown.tif|thumb|[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]], fifth-largest metropolitan area.]]
{{Κύριο|List of Metropolitan areas of Alabama}}
''See also:[[List of cities in Alabama]]''
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Κατάταξη
! Metropolitan Area
! Πληθυσμός <br />(Απογραφή 2010)
! Κομητείες
|-
|1
|[[Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area|Birmingham-Hoover]]
|align=center |1,128,047
|[[Bibb County, Alabama|Bibb]], [[Blount County, Alabama|Blount]], [[Chilton County, Alabama|Chilton]], [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]], [[St. Clair County, Alabama|St. Clair]], [[Shelby County, Alabama|Shelby]], [[Walker County, Alabama|Walker]]
|-
|2
|[[Huntsville Metropolitan Area|Huntsville]]
|align=center |417,593
|[[Limestone County, Alabama|Limestone]], [[Madison County, Alabama|Madison]]
|-
|3
|[[Mobile metropolitan area|Mobile]]
|align=center |412,992
|[[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile]]
|-
|4
|[[Montgomery Metropolitan Area|Montgomery]]
|align=center |374,536
|[[Autauga County, Alabama|Autauga]], [[Elmore County, Alabama|Elmore]], [[Lowndes County, Alabama|Lowndes]], [[Montgomery County, Alabama|Montgomery]]
|-
|5
|[[Tuscaloosa metropolitan area|Tuscaloosa]]
|align=center |219,461
|[[Greene County, Alabama|Greene]], [[Hale County, Alabama|Hale]], [[Tuscaloosa County, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
|-
|6
|[[Decatur Metropolitan Area|Decatur]]
|align=center |153,829
|[[Lawrence County, Alabama|Lawrence]], [[Morgan County, Alabama|Morgan]]
|-
|7
|[[Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area|Florence-Muscle Shoals]]
|align=center |147,137
|[[Colbert County, Alabama|Colbert]], [[Lauderdale County, Alabama|Lauderdale]]
|-
|8
|[[Dothan metropolitan area|Dothan]]
|align=center |145,639
|[[Geneva County, Alabama|Geneva]], [[Henry County, Alabama|Henry]], [[Houston County, Alabama|Houston]]
|-
|9
|[[Auburn Metropolitan Area|Auburn-Opelika]]
|align=center |140,247
|[[Lee County, Alabama|Lee]]
|-
|10
|[[Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Area|Anniston-Oxford]]
|align=center |112,249
|[[Calhoun County, Alabama|Calhoun]]
|-
|11
|[[Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area|Gadsden]]
|align=center |104,430
|[[Etowah County, Alabama|Etowah]]
|-
|
|align=right |Total
|align=center |3,362,483
|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! Πόλη !! Population <br />(2010 Census) !! County
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |1
|[[Μπέρμιγχαμ, Αλαμπάμα|Μπέρμιγχαμ]]
|style="text-align:center;"|212.237
|[[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2
|[[Μοντγκόμερι, Αλαμπάμα|Μοντγκόμερι]]
|style="text-align:center;" |205.764
|[[Montgomery County, Alabama|Montgomery]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |3
|[[Μόμπαϊλ, Αλαμπάμα|Mobile]]
|style="text-align:center;" |195,111
|[[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |4
|[[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]]
|style="text-align:center;" |180,105
|[[Madison County, Alabama|Madison]] <br /> [[Limestone County, Alabama|Limestone]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |5
|[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
|style="text-align:center;" |90,468
|[[Tuscaloosa County, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |6
|[[Hoover, Alabama|Hoover]]
|style="text-align:center;" |81,619
|Jefferson <br /> [[Shelby County, Alabama|Shelby]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |7
|[[Dothan, Alabama|Dothan]]
|style="text-align:center;" |65,496
|[[Houston County, Alabama|Houston]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |8
|[[Decatur, Alabama|Decatur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |55,683
|[[Morgan County, Alabama|Morgan]] <br /> Limestone
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |9
|[[Auburn, Alabama|Auburn]]
|style="text-align:center;" |53,380
|[[Lee County, Alabama|Lee]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |10
|[[Madison, Alabama|Madison]]
|style="text-align:center;" |42,938
|Madison <br /> Limestone
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |11
|[[Florence, Alabama|Florence]]
|style="text-align:center;" |39,319
|[[Lauderdale County, Alabama|Lauderdale]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |12
|[[Gadsden, Alabama|Gadsden]]
|style="text-align:center;" |36,856
|[[Etowah County, Alabama|Etowah]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |13
|[[Vestavia Hills, Alabama|Vestavia Hills]]
|style="text-align:center;" |34,033
|Jefferson
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |14
|[[Prattville, Alabama|Prattville]]
|style="text-align:center;" |33,960
|[[Autauga County, Alabama|Autauga]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |15
|[[Phenix City, Alabama|Phenix City]]
|style="text-align:center;" |32,822
|[[Russell County, Alabama|Russell]]
|}
 
===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Alabama}}
The state is classified as [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] (''Cfa'') under the [[Köppen climate classification#GROUP C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Koppen Climate Classification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://facstaff.unca.edu/cgodfrey/courses/atms179/ppt/greenhouse.pdf |title=Greenhouse effect and climate |author=Christopher M. Godfrey |date=November 4, 2008 |work=Atmospheric Sciences |publisher=University of North Carolina, Asheville |quote= }}</ref> The average annual temperature is 64&nbsp;°F (18&nbsp;°C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.<ref name="cprgsw">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-78303/Alabama |title=Alabama Climate |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=October 24, 2010}}</ref> Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of {{convert|56|in|mm}} of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300&nbsp;days in the southern part of the state.<ref name="cprgsw"/>
 
[[File:Phil Campbell tornado damage.jpg|thumb|Tornado damage in [[Phil Campbell, Alabama|Phil Campbell]] following the statewide [[April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak|April 27, 2011 tornado outbreak]].]]
Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over {{convert|90|°F}} throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to [[tropical storm]]s and even [[hurricane]]s. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.
 
South Alabama reports many [[thunderstorms]]. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60&nbsp;days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent [[lightning]] and large [[hail]]; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks seventh in the number of deaths from lightning and ninth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.<ref>[http://www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lls/fatalities_us.html Lightning Fatalities, Injuries and Damages in the United States, 1990–2003]. NLSI. Retrieved May 8, 2007.</ref>
 
Alabama, along with [[Kansas]], has the most reported [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF5 tornadoes]] of any state, according to statistics from the [[National Climatic Data Center]] for the period January 1, 1950, to October 31, 2006.<ref>[http://www.tornadoproject.com/fscale/fscale.htm Fujita scale]. Tornadoproject.com. Retrieved September 3, 2007.</ref> Several long-tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state, even surpassing Texas which has a much larger area within [[Tornado Alley]]. The state suffered damage in the [[Super Outbreak]] of April 1974, and the [[April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]. The outbreak in April 2011 produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state. The tally reached 62.<ref>{{cite web |last=Oliver |first=Mike |title=April 27's record tally: 62 tornadoes in Alabama |url=http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2011/08/april_27s_record_tally_62_torn.html |publisher=al.com |accessdate=November 4, 2012}}</ref>
 
[[File:Birmingham city hall alabama 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Snowfall outside Birmingham City Hall in February 2010.]]
The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December, along with the spring severe weather season. The northern part of the state—along the Tennessee Valley—is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as [[Dixie Alley]], as distinct from the [[Tornado Alley]] of the Southern Plains.
 
Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around {{convert|40|°F}} in Mobile and around {{convert|32|°F}} in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include [[New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm]] and the [[1993 Storm of the Century]]. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is {{convert|2|in|mm}} per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.
 
Alabama's highest recorded temperature of {{convert|114|°F}} was recorded on September 5, 1925 in the unincorporated community of [[Centerville, Alabama|Centerville]]. {{convert|-27|°F}} was the state's record low recorded in 1966 in [[New Market, Alabama|New Market]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
 
{{Alabama weatherbox}}
 
==Δημογραφικά==
{{Κύριο|Δημογραφία της Αλαμπάμα}}
{{US Census population
|1800= 1250
|1810= 9046
|1820= 127901
|1830= 309527
|1840= 590756
|1850= 771623
|1860= 964201
|1870= 996992
|1880= 1262505
|1890= 1513401
|1900= 1828697
|1910= 2138093
|1920= 2348174
|1930= 2646248
|1940= 2832961
|1950= 3061743
|1960= 3266740
|1970= 3444165
|1980= 3893888
|1990= 4040587
|2000= 4447100
|2010= 4779736
|footnote= Sources: 1910–2010<ref>{{cite web|author=Resident Population Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=Resident Population Data – 2010 Census |publisher=2010.census.gov |accessdate=June 1, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110519131122/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php| archivedate= May 19, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
}}
{|style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Alabama population map.png|thumb|Alabama population density map.]]
|}
Το [[Γραφείο Απογραφών των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών]] εκτιμά ότι ο πληθυσμός της Αλαμπάμα ήταν 4.802.740 την 1η Ιουλίου 2011, αύξηση 0,48% από την [[Απογραφή των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών 2010]].<ref name=PopEstUS>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2011 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=December 2011|accessdate=December 21, 2011}}</ref>
 
The [[United States Census Bureau]], as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alabama's population at 4,661,900,<ref name=08CenEst>{{cite web|title= Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |accessdate =February 1, 2009 |url= http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-01.csv}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> which represents an increase of 214,545, or 4.8%, since the last census in 2000.<ref name=census_cum>{{cite web|title=Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NST-EST2008-04) |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv |author=U.S. Census Bureau |authorlink=United States Census Bureau |date=December 15, 2008 |accessdate=January 16, 2009 |format=CSV| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090205023552/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv| archivedate= February 05 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state.<ref name=census_cum/> [[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people.<ref name=census_cum/> The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000).
 
The [[center of population]] of Alabama is located in [[Chilton County, Alabama|Chilton County]], outside of the town of [[Jemison, Alabama|Jemison]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Population and Population Centers by State – 2000 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |accessdate =December 3, 2008 |url= http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218235101/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt| archivedate= December 18, 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
===Φυλή και καταγωγή===
Σύμφωνα με το [[Απογραφή των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών 2010]], η Αλαμπάμα είχε πληθυσμό 4.779.736. Σε όρους φυλής και εθνότητας, η πολιτεία ήταν 68,5% Λευκή (67,0% Μη Ισπανόφωνοι Λευκοί), 26,2% [[Αφροαμερικανοί|Μαύροι]] ή Αφροαμερικανοί, 0,6% Ινδοαμερικανοί και ιθαγενείς της Αλάσκα, 1,1% Ασιατική, 0,1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2.0% from Some Other Race, and 1.5% from Two or More Races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]] or Latinos of any race made up 3.9% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_QTPL&prodType=table |title=American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder2.census.gov |date=October 5, 2010 |accessdate=June 1, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110520164400/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_QTPL&prodType=table| archivedate= May 20, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
As of 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age 1 were minorities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref>
 
The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are: African American (26.2%), [[English American|English]] (23.6%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (7.7%), [[German American|German]] (5.7%), and [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] (2.0%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:WJGw9z2RkkYJ:www.uen.org/Lessonplan/downloadFile.cgi%3Ffile%3D1041-6-15955-AF_Census_Data.pdf%26filename%3DAF_Census_Data.pdf+49,598,035&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgyigzsjZP7yBWdThzodFWP_t7GiFtOGi5W12qTf5nLj_yFzQ0YIKJn2pSyS1TIT-ZjvBx0s057h5mpwrf39HOZmlg3VzoOdaoPrNTdS6x-0SbHnwGXfzVLkDYTyIg7k4E_Zsn8&sig=AHIEtbTzro9GQY6LB1-9ZG9n2r46Epyyaw |title=Data on selected ancestry groups |publisher=Google |accessdate=June 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf |title=1980 United States Census |format=PDF |accessdate=June 1, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110604160009/http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf| archivedate= June 04 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{cite web |publisher= Factfinder.census.gov |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US01&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |title=Alabama – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008 |accessdate=October 24, 2010}}</ref> Those citing "American" ancestry in Alabama are of overwhelmingly English extraction, however most [[English American]]s identify simply as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in some cases since the 1600s. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and state that the figure is probably much higher. In the 1980 census, 41% of the people in Alabama cited that they were of English ancestry, making them the largest ethnic group at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |format=PDF |accessdate=February 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref> There are also many more people in Alabama of [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] origins than are self-reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US01&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |title=American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=February 10, 2012}}</ref> Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term [[Scotch-Irish American|Scots-Irish]], but most of the time in Alabama this term is used for those with Scottish roots, rather than Irish.<ref name="census-ancestries">[[Media:Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg|Census 2000 Map – Top U.S. Ancestries by County]]</ref>
 
In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission and [[State recognized tribes in the United States|officially recognized]] seven American Indian tribes. Now expanded to nine, these include the [[Poarch Band of Creek Indians]], [[MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians]], Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks, Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, Cherokees of Northeast Alabama, Cherokees of Southeast Alabama, Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe, Piqua Sept of Ohio Shawnee Tribe, and United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aiac.alabama.gov/ByLaws.aspx |title=AIAC Bylaws |work=Alabama Indian Affairs Commission |publisher=State of Alabama |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
===Θρησκεία===
====Χριστιανισμός====
[[File:First Baptist Mobile 02.jpg|thumb|First Baptist Church of Mobile, established in 1835.]]
[[File:Temple B'Nai Shalom Dec2009 01.jpg|thumb|Temple B'Nai Shalom in Huntsville, established in 1876. It is the oldest synagogue building in continuous use in the state.]]
Η Αλαμπάμα βρίσκεται στο μέσο της [[Ζώνη της Βίβλου|Ζώνης της Βίβλου]], μια περιοχή με μεγάλο Χριστιανικό πληθυσμό. Η Αλαμπάμα προσδιορίζεται ως μια από τις πλέον θρησκευόμενς πολιτείες στις ΗΠΑ, όπου περίπου 58% του πληθυσμού πηγαίνει τακτικά στην εκκλησία.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060502/news_lz1n2thelist.html US Church attendance]</ref> Μια απόλυτη πλειοψηφία των κατοίκων της πολιτείας προσδιορίζονται ως Προτεστάντες. Με στοιχεία του 2000, τα τρία μεγαλύτερα δόγματα στην Αλαμπάμα είναι το [[Ευαγγελικός Προτεσταντισμός|Ευαγγελικό]], το [[Προτεστάντες Κύριας Γραμμής|Προτεσταντικό Κύριας Γραμμής]], και το Καθολικό. Η [[Νότια Συνέλευση Βαπτιστών]] έχει τον υψηλότερο αριθμό πιστών στην Αλαμπάμα με 1.380.121, ακολουθούμενη από την [[Ενωμένη Εκκλησία Μεθοδιστών]] με 327.734 μέλη, και η Καθολική Εκκλησία με 150.647 πιστούς.<ref name="thearda">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/01_2000.asp|title=State Membership Reports |accessdate=June 15, 2010 |work= thearda.com }}</ref>
 
Σε έρευνα του 2007, σχεδόν 70% των ερωτώμενων γνώριζαν τα ονόματα από τα τέσσερα [[Συνοπτικά Ευαγγέλια|Ευαγγέλια]]. Από εκείνους που έδειχναν θρησκευτκή προτίμηση, 59% είπε ότι κατείχαν "fπλήρη κατανόηση" της πίστης τους και δεν χρειάζνταν περαιτέρω εκμάθηση.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Kirsten |last=Campbell |work=Mobile Register |title=Alabama rates well in biblical literacy |date=March 25, 2007 |accessdate=June 2, 2007 |page=A1 |publisher=Advance Publications, Inc}}</ref> Σε έρευνα του 2007, 92% των κατοίκων της Αλαμπάμα ανέφεραν ότ είχαν τουλάχιστον μερική εμπιστοσύνη στις εκκλησίες της πολιτείας.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myaea.org/PDFfile/Confidence+in+State+Institutions07.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070809021852/http://www.myaea.org/PDFfile/Confidence+in+State+Institutions07.pdf |archivedate=August 9, 2007 |title=Confidence in State and Local Institutions Survey |work=Capital Survey Research Center |accessdate=June 2, 2007 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=David |last=White |title=Poll says we feel good about state Trust in government, unlike some institutions, hasn't fallen |date=April 1, 2007 |accessdate=June 2, 2007 |work=Birmingham News |publisher=Birmingham News |page=13A}}</ref> Στην Αμερικανική Έρευνα Θρησκευτικού Προσδιορισμού του 2008, 80% των ερωτώμενων ανέφεραν την Χριστιανική ως θρησκεία τους, 6% την Καθολική, και 11% καμία θρησκεία.<ref name=ARIS2008>{{cite web|url=http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf |format=PDF |title=AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY (ARIS) 2008 |author=Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar |year=2009 |publisher=Trinity College |location=Hartford, Connecticut, USA |page=20 |accessdate=May 8, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090407053149/http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf| archivedate= April 07 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
====Άλλες θρησκείες====
Although in much smaller numbers, many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well, including [[Judaism]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and the [[Bahá'í Faith]].<ref name="thearda"/>
 
Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile.<ref name="shomayim">{{cite book |title=The Gates of Heaven : Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, the first 150 years, Mobile, Alabama, 1844-1994 |last=Zietz |first=Robert |year=1994 |publisher=Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim|location=Mobile, Alabama |isbn= |pages=1–7 }}</ref> The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is [[Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim (Mobile, Alabama)|Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim]] in Mobile. It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844.<ref name="shomayim"/> Jewish denominations in the state include two [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], four [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]], ten [[Reform Judaism (North America)|Reform]], and one [[Humanistic Judaism|Humanistic]] synagogue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosherdelight.com/USA/Alabama/AlabamaSynagogues.shtml |title=Synagogues in Alabama |publisher=Kosher Delight |accessdate=September 8, 2012}}</ref>
 
Islam has seen a growing presence in Alabama, with thirty-one mosques built by 2011.<ref name="2011muslim">{{cite news |title=Survey: U.S. Muslims grow by 30 percent since 2000 |author= Kay Campbell |url=http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2012/02/survey_us_muslims_grow_by_30_p.html |newspaper=The Huntsville Times |date=February 29, 2012 |accessdate=September 8, 2012}}</ref>
 
There are a number of Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state, with the most well-known including the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center Of Birmingham in [[Pelham, Alabama|Pelham]], the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in [[Capshaw, Alabama|Capshaw]], and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.garamchai.com/templesSE.htm |title=Hindu Temples in the South East: catering to the needs of NRI and Indians in US |work=GaramChai |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindumandir.cc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=42 |title=History of Hindu Mandir & Cultural Center |work=Hindu Mandir & Cultural Center |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
There are six [[Dharma centre|Dharma centers]] and organizations for Buddhists scattered throughout the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manjushri.com/Centers/alabama.htm |title=Dharma Centers and Organizations in Alabama |work=Manjushri Buddhist Community |publisher=AcuMaestro |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref> Most Buddhist monastic temples in the state are concentrated in southern Mobile County, near [[Bayou La Batre, Alabama|Bayou La Batre]]. This area saw an influx of refugees from [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], and [[Vietnam]] during the 1970s and thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/projects/katrina/Gaillard.html |title=After the Storms: Tradition and Change in Bayou La Batre |author=Frye Gaillard |date=December 2007 |work=Journal of American History |publisher=Organization of American Historians |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref> There are four temples within a ten mile radius of Bayou La Batre, including Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan.<ref>{{cite news |title=For Vietnamese Buddhists In South Alabama, A Goddess Of Mercy Is A Powerful Figure |author=Roy Hoffman |url=http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2011/10/for_vietnamese_buddhists_in_so.html |newspaper=Press-Register |date=October 22, 2011 |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Welcome Gateway To The Far East |author=Debbie M. Lord |url=http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2009/08/a_welcome_gateway_to_the_far_e.html |newspaper=Press-Register |date=August 29, 2009 |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Buddhist Monk Killed Temple Leader During Argument Over Food, Prosecutor Says |author= Katherine Sayre |url=http://blog.al.com/live/2012/05/buddhist_monk_killed_temple_le.html |newspaper=Press-Register |date=May 17, 2012 |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
===Health===
A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama was a problem, with most counties having over 29% of adults obese, except for ten which had a rate between 26% and 29%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspx?StateId=1&mode=OBS |title=County Level Estimates of Obesity – State Maps |year=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |quote= }}</ref> Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0216_physicalinactivity.html |title=Highest Rates of Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity in Appalachia and South |year=2008 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |quote= }}</ref> Alabama, and the southeastern U.S. in general, has one of the highest incidences of adult onset [[diabetes type II|diabetes]] in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspx?mode=DBT |title=County Level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes – State Maps |year=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/NationalDiabetesPrevalenceEstimates.aspx?mode=DBT |title=CDC national chart on diabetes |publisher=Apps.nccd.cdc.gov |accessdate=June 1, 2011}}</ref>
 
==Economy==
The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and [[fabrication (metal)|fabrication]]. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about 1% of the state's [[gross domestic product]]. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2330 |title=Food Production in Alabama |last1=Ijaz |first1=Ahmad |last2=Addy |first2=Samuel N. |date=July 6, 2009 |work=The Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Auburn University |accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref> Occupations outside of agriculture were widespread by 2008. Employment in that year was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving.<ref name="alaindustrial"/>
 
According to the United States [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]], the 2008 total [[gross state product]] was $170&nbsp;billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2008 GDP increased 0.7% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/gsp_newsrelease.htm |title=GDP by State (2008) |date=June 2, 2009 |work=Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts |accessdate=October 9, 2009 }} [http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2009/pdf/gsp0609.pdf full release with tables]</ref> In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html |title=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=February 25, 2012 |work=State and County Quick Facts }}</ref>
 
As of June 2012, the state's unemployment rate is 7.8%.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov]; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref>
 
===Largest employers===
[[File:Enterprise lifted.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']] being tested at Marshall Space Flight Center during 1978.]]
According to the ''[[Birmingham Business Journal]]'', the five employers which employ the most employees in Alabama as of April 2011 were:<ref name="bbjournal">Aneesa McMillan. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/birmingham/blog/2011/04/top-of-the-list-alabamas-largest.html Top of the List: Alabama's largest employers]" (April 22, 2011). ''Birmingham Business Journal''.</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Employer
! Number of employees
|-
| [[Redstone Arsenal]]
| 25,373
|-
| [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]] (includes [[UAB Hospital]])
| 18,750
|-
| [[Maxwell Air Force Base]]
| 12,280
|-
| [[State of Alabama]]
| 9,500
|-
| [[Mobile County Public School System]]
| 8,100
|}
 
The next twenty largest, as identified in the Birmingham Business Journal in 2011, included:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanregistry.com/recognition/alabamas-largest-employers/116523 |title=Alabama's Largest Employers |date=April 2011 |work=Birmingham Business Journal |publisher=American Registry |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Highsmith 01.jpg|thumb|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery during 2010.]]
[[File:Shelbyhallcomputing.JPG|thumb|Shelby Hall, College of Engineering, at the [[University of South Alabama]] in Mobile.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Employer
! Location
|-
| [[Anniston Army Depot]]
| [[Anniston, Alabama|Anniston]]
|-
| [[AT&T]]
| Multiple
|-
| [[Auburn University]]
| [[Auburn, Alabama|Auburn]]
|-
| [[Baptist Medical Center South]]
| [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]
|-
| [[Birmingham City Schools]]
| [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
|-
| [[Birmingham, Alabama|City of Birmingham]]
| Birmingham
|-
| [[DCH Health System]]
| Tuscaloosa
|-
| [[Huntsville City Schools]]
| [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]]
|-
| [[Huntsville Hospital System]]
| Huntsville
|-
| [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama]]
| Montgomery
|-
| [[Infirmary Health System]]
| [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]
|-
| [[Jefferson County Schools (Alabama)|Jefferson County Board of Education]]
| Birmingham
|-
| [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
| Huntsville
|-
| [[Mercedes-Benz U.S. International]]
| [[Vance, Alabama|Vance]]
|-
| [[Montgomery Public Schools|Montgomery Public Schools]]
| Montgomery
|-
| [[Regions Financial Corporation]]
| Multiple
|-
| [[Boeing]]
| Multiple
|-
| [[University of Alabama]]
| [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
|-
| [[University of South Alabama]]
| Mobile
|-
| [[Walmart]]
| Multiple
|}
 
===Γεωργία===
Η αγροτκή παραγωγή της Αλαμπάμα περιλαμβάνει τα πουλερικά και τα αυγά, βοοειδή, προϊόντα φυτωρίων, το βαμβάκι, σιτηρά όπως το καλαμπόκι και το [[σόργο]], λαχανικά, γάλα, η [[σόγια]] και τα ροδάκινα. Μολονότι γνωστή ως ''Η Πολιτεία του Βαμβακιού'' ("The Cotton State"), η Αλαμπάμα κατατάσσεται έκτη και δέκατη στην εθνική παραγωγή βάμβακος, σύμφωνα με διάφορες αναφορές,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cber.cba.ua.edu/pdf/ab2005q4.pdf |title= Alabama and CBER: 75 Years of Change |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |date= Q4 2005 |work= Alabama Business |publisher= Center for Business and Economic Research, Culverhouse College of Commerce, The University of Alabama|format=PDF| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060927141609/http://cber.cba.ua.edu/pdf/ab2005q4.pdf| archivedate= September 27, 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aces.edu/dept/nass/bulletin/2005/pg05.pdf |title= State Highlights for 2004–2005 |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |year= 2005 |work= Alabama Cooperative Extension System |publisher= USDA, NASS, Alabama Statistical Office|format=PDF| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060921005808/http://www.aces.edu/dept/nass/bulletin/2005/pg05.pdf| archivedate= September 21, 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> με το Τέξας, την [[Τζόρτζια]] και το [[Μισισίπι]] να αποτελούν τις τρεις κορυφαίες.
 
===Industry===
Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, [[lumber]], and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and [[apparel]]. Also, Alabama produces [[aerospace]] and [[electronics|electronic]] products, mostly in the [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]] area, the location of [[NASA]]'s [[George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]] and the [[United States Army Materiel Command|U.S. Army Materiel Command]], headquartered at [[Redstone Arsenal]].
 
[[File:ThyssenKrupp Steel USA in Calvert, Alabama.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the hot dip galvanizing lines at ThyssenKrupp Steel USA in Calvert, near Mobile.]]
A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are [[Honda Manufacturing of Alabama]], [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama]], [[Mercedes-Benz U.S. International]], and [[Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama]], as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation in automobile output.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2008_fotw539.html |title=Vehicle Technologies Program: Fact #539: October 6, 2008 Light Vehicle Production by State |publisher=.eere.energy.gov |date=October 6, 2008 |accessdate=October 24, 2010}}</ref>
 
Steel producers [[Nucor]], [[SSAB]], [[ThyssenKrupp]], and [[U.S. Steel]] have facilities in Alabama and employ over 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker [[ThyssenKrupp]] selected Alabama for a $3.7&nbsp;billion steel production plant, with the promise of 2,700 permanent jobs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ThyssenKrupp's Alabama incentive package tops $811&nbsp;million |newspaper= [[Press-Register]] |date= May 11, 2007 |url=http://blog.al.com/live/2007/05/mobile_county_wins_thyssenkrup.html |accessdate=July 22, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110726144848/http://blog.al.com/live/2007/05/mobile_county_wins_thyssenkrup.html| archivedate= July 26, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> When ThyssenKrupp's new facilities reach full production capacity, Alabama is expected to become the third largest steel producing state in the country behind Indiana and Pennsylvania.<ref>http://www.alalabor.state.al.us/PDFs/SteelCouncilNewsletter.pdf</ref>
 
The [[Hunt Refining Company]], a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and [[Moundville, Alabama|Moundville]].<ref>"[http://www.linkedin.com/company/hunt-refining-company Hunt Refining Company]." Linkedin.</ref> [[JVC|JVC America, Inc.]] operates an [[optical disc]] replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.<ref>"[http://www.jvcdiscusa.com/about/company.aspx Company Overview]." JVC America, Inc.{{dead|date=August 2012}}</ref>
 
[[File:Morning at Gulf State Park.jpg|thumb|right|Alabama's beaches have a strong impact on the state's economy.]]
[[Michelin|Michelin North America]] operated a {{convert|1000000|sqft|ha}} BFGoodrich Tire manufacturing plant in [[Opelika, Alabama|Opelika]] from 1963 to 2009, when it shut down.<ref>Kathryn Kroll. "[http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2009/04/bfgoodrich_closing_alabama_pla.html BFGoodrich closing Alabama plant that employs 1,000]." (April 13, 2009). ''The Plain Dealer''.</ref> [[GAF Materials Corporation]] formerly operated a plant in Mobile, but ceased production operations in 2010. The plant had previously been idled in 2007 before resuming in 2008 and may reopen in the future once demand recovers.<ref>Jeff Amy. "[http://blog.al.com/press-register-business/2010/11/gaf_materials_to_close_shingle.html GAF Materials to close Mobile shingle plant by year's end]" (November 9, 2010). '' Press-Register''.</ref>
 
===Tourism===
An estimated 20 million tourists annually visit the state. Over 100,000 of these are from other countries, including from Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. In 2006, 22.3 million tourists spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1268 Encyclopedia of Alabama: Alabama Tourism Department (ATD)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.800alabama.com/about-alabama/alabama-news-facts/frequently-asked-questions/ |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Sweet Home Alabama |publisher=800alabama.com |date=July 1, 2004 |accessdate=February 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |title=Obama to survey environmental damage in gulf |url=|publisher=Washington Pose |location=Washington, DC |pages= A6 |date=May 2, 2010 |id= }}</ref>
 
===Healthcare===
[[UAB Hospital]] is the only [[trauma center|Level I trauma center]] in Alabama.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.facs.org/trauma/verified.html |title=Verified Trauma Centers |date=December 30, 2010 |work=American College of Surgeons, Verified Trauma Centers |accessdate=January 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://webspace.utexas.edu/jas5349/Research_Data.htm |title=College Research Data |work=University of Texas |deadurl=no |accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref> UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000.<ref>[http://www.hrm.uab.edu/main/employment/index.html Welcome to UAB Recruitment Services<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
===Banking===
[[File:Birmingham skyscrapers Nov 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Regions-Harbert Plaza]], [[Regions Center]], and [[Wells Fargo Tower (Birmingham)|Wells Fargo Tower]] in Birmingham's financial district.]]
Alabama has the headquarters of [[Regions Financial Corporation]], [[BBVA Compass]], [[Superior Bancorp]] and the former [[Colonial Bancgroup]]. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish-based [[BBVA]] in September 2007, although the headquarters of BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham. In November 2006, Regions Financial completed its merger with [[AmSouth Bancorporation]], which was also headquartered in Birmingham. [[SouthTrust Corporation]], another large bank headquartered in Birmingham, was acquired by [[Wachovia]] in 2004 for $14.3 billion. The city still has major operations for Wachovia and its now post-operating bank [[Wells Fargo]], which includes a regional headquarters, an operations center campus and a $400 million dollar data center. Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham, such as Superior Bancorp, [[ServisFirst]] and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including [[Harbert Management Corporation]].
 
===Electronics===
Telecommunications provider [[AT&T]], formerly [[BellSouth]], also has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. The company has over 6,000 employees and more than 1,200 contract employees.
 
Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as the network access company [[ADTRAN]], computer graphics company [[Intergraph]], design and manufacturer of IT infrastructure [[Avocent]], and telecommunications provider [[Deltacom]]. [[Cinram]] manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of their Huntsville plant.
 
[[File:USACE Howell Heflin Lock and Dam.jpg|thumb|The lock of the [[Howell Heflin Lock and Dam]] on the [[Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway]] in Sumter County.]]
===Construction===
Rust International has grown to include [[Brasfield & Gorrie]], [[BE&K]], [[Hoar Construction]] and [[B.L. Harbert International]], which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by [[Washington Group International]], which was in turn acquired by San-Francisco based [[URS Corporation]] in 2007.)
 
===Transportation===
The [[Port of Mobile]], Alabama's only saltwater port, is a busy seaport on the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with inland waterway access to the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] by way of the [[Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway]]. The Port of Mobile is currently the 9th-largest by [[tonnage]] in the United States.<ref name="ports1">{{cite web|title=WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES |work=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Waterborne Commerce Statistics| page=90| url=http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf| accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref>
 
[[Barge]] transportation in and out of the Port of Tuscaloosa and other commercial navigation make the [[Black Warrior River]] useful in the state of Alabama.
 
==Νόμος και κυβέρνηση==
===Πολιτειακή κυβέρνηση===
[[File:Alabama Capitol Building.jpg|thumb|Το [[Πολιτειακό Καπιτώλιο της Αλαμπάμα|Κτίριο του Πολιτειακού Καπιτωλίου]] στο Μοντγκόμερυ, το οποίο ολοκληρώθηκε το 1851.]]
{{Κύριο|Κυβέρνηση της Αλαμπάμα}}
Το ιδρυτικό έγγραφο για την κυβέρνηση της Αλαμπάμα είναι το [[Σύνταγμα της Αλαμπάμα]], το οποίο επικυρώθηκε το 1901. Με περίπου 800 τροποποιήσεις και 310.000 λέξεις, είναι το μεγαλύτερο σύνταγμα του κόσμου και είναι περίπου σαράντα φορές μεγαλύτερο από το [[Σύνταγμα των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cite news
|last= Roig-Franzia |first= Manuel |title= Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds |work=Washington Post |date= November 28, 2004 |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A16443-2004Nov27?language=printer |accessdate =September 22, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Constitution">{{cite web|title= Constitution of Alabama – 1901 |work= The Alabama Legislative Information System |url= http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901_toc.htm |accessdate =September 22, 2006 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060923081542/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901_toc.htm| archivedate= September 23, 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Υπάρχει ένα σημαντικό κίνημα γα να ξαναγραφεί και να εκσυγχρονισθεί το σύνταγμα της Αλαμπάμα.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionalreform.org/ |title=Alabama Citizens for Constitutional Reform |publisher=Constitutionalreform.org |accessdate=October 24, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100915165938/http://www.constitutionalreform.org/| archivedate= September 15, 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Αυτό το κίνημα βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι το σύνταγμα της Αλαμπάμα συγκεντρώνει την εξουσία στην Μοντγκόμερι σε μεγάλο βαθμό και αφήνει πρακτικά ουδεμία εξουσία σε τοπικά χέρια. Any policy changes proposed around the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length were intentional to codify segregation and racism.
 
[[File:Ala Supreme Court Building Feb 2012 01.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Alabama Judicial Building]] in Montgomery. It houses the [[Alabama Supreme Court]], [[Alabama Court of Civil Appeals]], and [[Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals]].]]
Alabama's government is divided into three equal branches:
The [[legislative branch]] is the [[Alabama Legislature]], a [[bicameral]] assembly composed of the [[Alabama House of Representatives]], with 105 members, and the [[Alabama Senate]], with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] currently holds a majority in both houses of the [[Alabama Legislature|Legislature]]. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto).
 
The [[executive branch]] is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the [[Governor of Alabama]]. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the [[Attorney General of Alabama]], the [[Alabama Secretary of State]], the [[Alabama State Treasurer]], and the [[State Auditor of Alabama]]. The current [[Governor of Alabama|governor]] of the state is [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Robert J. Bentley|Robert Bentley]]. The [[List of Lieutenant Governors of Alabama|lieutenant governor]] is Republican [[Kay Ivey]].
 
The [[judicial branch]] is responsible for interpreting the [[Alabama Constitution|Constitution]] and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The highest court is the [[Supreme Court of Alabama]]. The Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican [[Chuck Malone]]. All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party.
 
The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. The statewide officials, such as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, and other constitutional offices take office in the following January.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/legislativeprocess/legislativeprocess_ml.html|title= Alabama's Legislative Process |first= McDowell |last= Lee|year= 2009|publisher= State of Alabama}}</ref>
 
===Taxes===
Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5 percent personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax, and can do so even if taking the standard deduction. Taxpayers who file itemized deductions are also allowed to deduct federal Social Security and Medicare taxes.
 
The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070520231150/http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/sl_sales.html Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes], July 2004 Retrieved on May 25, 2007.</ref> The collection rate could be substantially higher, depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means that a diner in Mobile would pay a 11% tax on a meal. Sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51% of all state and local revenue, compared with an average of about 36% nationwide. Alabama is also one of the few remaining states that levies a tax on food and medicine. Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the nation's very highest.<ref name="cbpp.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1812 |title=Reducing Alabama's Income Tax on Working-Poor Families: Two Options&nbsp;– 4/14/99 |publisher=Cbpp.org |accessdate=October 24, 2010}}</ref> Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line.<ref name="cbpp.org"/> Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.<ref name="cbpp.org"/>
 
The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/files/sl_burden_alabama-2007-04-04.pdf |title=Alabama State Local Tax Burden Compared to U.S. Average (1970–2007) |accessdate=May 30, 2007 |format=PDF |work=Tax Foundation | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070605100516/http://www.taxfoundation.org/files/sl_burden_alabama-2007-04-04.pdf| archivedate= June 05 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Property tax]]es are the lowest in the United States. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes.
 
Since Alabama's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending, it is subject to high variable budget structure. For example, in 2003 Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670&nbsp;million.
 
===Local and county government===
{{Alabama County Labelled Map|align=right|width=310}}
 
Alabama has 67 [[county (United States)|counties]]. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the County Commission, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Because of the restraints placed in the [[Alabama Constitution]], all but seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no [[home rule]]. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.
 
On November 9, 2011, Jefferson County declared bankruptcy.<ref>[http://jeffconline.jccal.org/home/news/photo/1517060216/ News - View Article<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/business/jefferson-county-ala-falls-off-the-bankruptcy-cliff.html | work=The New York Times | title=Jefferson County, Ala., Falls Off the Bankruptcy Cliff | date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
 
Alabama is an [[alcoholic beverage control state]]; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. However, counties can declare themselves "dry"; the state does not sell alcohol in those areas.
 
*[[List of counties in Alabama]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! County !! Population <br />(2010 Census) !! Seat !! Largest city
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]]
| style="text-align:center;"|658,466
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Birmingham
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 412,992
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Mobile
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| [[Madison County, Alabama|Madison]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 334,811
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Huntsville
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| [[Montgomery County, Alabama|Montgomery]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 229,363
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Montgomery
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| [[Shelby County, Alabama|Shelby]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 195,085
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Columbiana, Alabama|Columbiana]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Hoover, Alabama|Hoover]] (part) <br /> [[Alabaster, Alabama|Alabaster]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| [[Tuscaloosa County, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 194,656
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Tuscaloosa
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 182,265
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bay Minette, Alabama|Bay Minette]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Daphne, Alabama|Daphne]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| [[Lee County, Alabama|Lee]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 140,247
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Opelika, Alabama|Opelika]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Auburn, Alabama|Auburn]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| [[Morgan County, Alabama|Morgan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 119,490
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Decatur, Alabama|Decatur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Decatur
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| [[Calhoun County, Alabama|Calhoun]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 118,572
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Anniston, Alabama|Anniston]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Anniston
|}
 
===Πολιτική===
[[File:Robert Bentley.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Ρόμπερτ Τζ. Μπέντλεϊ]], κυβερνήτης από τις 17 Ιανουαρίου 2011.]]
Κατά την περίοδο της [[περίοδος Ανασυγκρότησης των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών|Ανασυγκρότησης]] η οποία ακολούθησε τον [[Αμερικανικός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος|Αμερικανικό Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο]], η Λααμπάμα καταλήφθηξε από ομοσπονδιακά στρατεύματα της [[Τρίτη Στρατιωτική Πριφέρεια|Τρίτης Στρατιωτικής Περιφέρειας]] υπό τον [[Τζον Πόουπ (στρατιωτικός αξιωματούχος)|Στρατηγό Τζον Πόουπ]]. Το 1874, ο πολιτικός συνασπισμός γνωστός ως [[Redeemers]] πήρε τον έλεγχο της πολιτειακής κυβέρνησης από τους Ρεπουμπλικανούς, εν μέρει νοθεύοντας τις Αφροαμεριακνικές ψήφους.
 
Μετά το 1890, ένας συνασπισμός λευκών πέρασε νόμους για να [[φυλετικός διαχωρισμός|διαχωρίσει]] και να αποστερήσει από τα πολιτικά τους δικαιώματα τους μαύρους κατοίκους, μια διαδικασία που ολοοκληρώθηκε με προβλέψεις στο σύνταγμα του 1901. Οι προβλέψεις αυτές που αποστέρησαν τα πολιτικα δκαιώματα των Αφροαμερικανών έκαναν το ίδιο και για τους φτωχούς λευκούς, όμως. Μέχρι το 1941 more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000, although the impact was greater on the African-American community, as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised.
 
From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state. The result was a rural minority that dominated state politics until a series of court cases required redistricting in 1972.
 
Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]], when majority whites bureaucratically, and at times, violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform. Democrat [[George Wallace]], the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure. Only with the passage of the Federal [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]<ref name="cra64"/> and [[Voting Rights Act]] of 1965 did [[African Americans]] regain suffrage, among other civil rights.
 
In 2007, the [[Alabama Legislature]] passed, and Republican Governor [[Bob Riley]] signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the [[Alabama State Capitol]], which housed Congress of the [[Confederate States of America]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Phillip |last=Rawls |title=Alabama offers an apology for slavery |work=The Virginian Pilot |publisher=Landmark Communications |date=June 1, 2007 |accessdate=June 2, 2007}}</ref>
 
In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.<ref name="Southerner">{{cite web|url= http://www.southerner.net/v1n1_99/coverstory1.html |title= The New South Rises, Again |accessdate =September 23, 2006 |date= Spring 1999 |work= Civil Rights: Law and History |publisher= Southerner.net}}</ref>
 
===Εκλογές===
{{κύριο|Εκλογές στην Αλαμπάμα}}
 
====Πολιτειακές εκλογές====
Με την αποστέρηση των πολιτικών δικαιωμάτων στους Αφροαμερικανούς, η πολιτεία έγινε μέρος του "[[Συμπαγής Νότος|Συμπαγούς Νότου]]", ένα σύστημα στο οποίο το [[Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ)|Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα]] έγινε ουσιαστικά το μόνο πολιτικό κόμμα σε κάθε Νότια πολιτεία. Για σχεδόν μια εκατονταετία, το αποτέλεσμα των τοπικών και πολιτειακών εκλογών στην Αλαμπάμα καθοριζόταν στον [[προκριματική εκλογή|προκριματικό]] του Δημοκρατικού Κόμματος, με τους [[Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ)|Ρεπουμπλικανούς υποψηφίους]] να διαγωνίζονται μόνο συμβολικά ή ως write-ins στην Γενική Εκλογή.
 
Οι Ρεπουμπλικανοί κατέχουν τις εννέα έδρες του [[Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο της Αλαμπάμα|Ανωτάτου Δικαστηρίου της Αλαμπάμα]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2009/05/sue_bell_cobb_considering_runn.html |title=Sue Bell Cobb considering running for governor - Breaking News from The Birmingham News |publisher=Blog.al.com |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=August 7, 2009}}</ref> και στις δέκα έδρες των πολιτειακών εφετικών δικαστηρίων. Μέχρι το 1994, ουδείς Ρεπουμπλικανός κατείχε κάποια από αυτές τις έδρες. Αυτή η αλλαγή επίσης άρχισε, πιθανώς εν μέρει, λόγω της ίδιας πρόσληψης από τους ψηφοφόρους της προσπάθειας του Δημοκρατικού κόμματος να αποστερήσει ψηφοφόρους από τα πολιτικά τους δικαιώματα πάλι το 1994. Σε αυτή την γενική εκλογή, ο τότε κάτοχος του αξιώματος Αρχιδικαστής της Αλαμπάμα, [[Έρνεστ Σ. Χόρνσμπυ]], αρνήθηκε να αφήσει το αξίωμά του αφότου έχασε την εκλογή με περίπου 3.000 ψήφους υπέρ του Ρεπουμπλικανού [[Πέρρυ Ο. Χούπερ (νεότερος)|Πέρρυ Χούπερ του νεότερου]]. Ο Χόρνσμπυ μήνυσε την Αλαμπάμα και προκλητικά παρέμεινε στο αξίωμα επί σχεδόν ένα έτος προτού τελικά παραδώσει την έδρα μετά την ήττα του στις δικαστικές αίθουσες. Αυτό οδήγησε τελικά στην κατάρρευση της υποστήριξης προς τους Δημοκρατικούς στην κάλπη στους επόμενους τρεις ή τέσσερις εκλογικούς κύκλους. Οι Δημοκρατικοί έχασαν την τελευταία από τις δεκαεννέα δικαστικές έδρες τους τον Αύγουστο 2011 με την παραίτηση του τελευταίου Δημοκρατικού στην έδρα.
 
Οι Ρεπουμπλικανοί κατέχουν τα επτά [[Δύναμη των πολιτικών κομμάτων στην Αλαμπάμα|πολιτειακά αιρετά εκτελεστικά]] αξιώματα. Οι Ρεπουμπλικανοί hold six of the eight elected seats on the [[Alabama State Board of Education]]. In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. Democrats hold one of the three seats on the Alabama Public Service Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psc.state.al.us/commissioners.htm |title=Commissioners |publisher=Psc.state.al.us |accessdate=August 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Special |url=http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/11/lucy_baxley_wins_alabama_publi.html |title= Lucy Baxley wins Alabama Public Service Commission presidency, but recount possible |publisher=Birmingham News via al.com |date=November 5, 2008 |accessdate=August 7, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090802212747/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/11/lucy_baxley_wins_alabama_publi.html| archivedate= August 02 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Amy, Press-Register |url=http://blog.al.com/live/2010/11/public_service_commission.html |title=Public Service Commission: Twinkle Cavanaugh, Terry Dunn join GOP sweep |publisher= al.com |accessdate=June 1, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110513135614/http://blog.al.com/live/2010/11/public_service_commission.html| archivedate= May 13, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
Only two Republican Lieutenant Governors have been elected since Reconstruction, one is [[Kay Ivey]], the current Lieutenant Governor.
 
====Local elections====
Many local offices (County Commissioners, Boards of Education, Tax Assessors, Tax Collectors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats. Local elections in most rural counties are generally decided in the Democratic primary and local elections in metropolitan and suburban counties are generally decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=1&year=2006&f=0&off=5&elect=1 |title=2006 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results – Alabama |publisher=Uselectionatlas.org |accessdate=August 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=1&year=2006&f=0&off=5&elect=2 |title=2006 Gubernatorial Republican Primary Election Results – Alabama |publisher=Uselectionatlas.org |date=February 15, 2007 |accessdate=August 7, 2009}}</ref>
 
Alabama's 67 County Sheriffs are elected in partisan races and Democrats still retain the majority of those posts. The current split is 42 [[Alabama Democratic Party|Democrats]], 24 [[Alabama Republican Party|Republicans]], and one Independent (Choctaw).<ref>Alabama Sheriff's Association</ref>{{full}} However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties and the majority of Republican sheriffs preside over more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/?PageID=131&IsNav=true |title=Association |publisher=Alabama Sheriffs |accessdate=August 7, 2009}}</ref> Two Alabama counties (Montgomery and Calhoun) with a population of over 100,000 have Democratic sheriffs and five [[Counties of Alabama|Alabama counties]] with a population of under 75,000 have Republican sheriffs (Autauga, Coffee, Dale, Coosa, and Blount).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/Image.aspx?ImageID=11481&Title=2007-2011+Alabama+Sheriffs |title=2007–2011 Alabama Sheriffs |publisher=Alabamasheriffs.com |accessdate=August 7, 2009}}</ref> As of 2012, the state of Alabama has one female sheriff, in [[Morgan County, Alabama]], and nine [[African American]] sheriffs.<ref>Alabama Sheriffs Association</ref>
 
====Ομοσπονδιακές εκλογές====
Οι δύο [[Γερουσία των ΗΠΑ|γερουσιαστές των ΗΠΑ]] είναι ο [[Τζεφ Σέσσιονς|Τζέφερσον Μπ. Σέσσιονς ΙΙΙ]] και ο [[Ρίτσαρντ Σέλμπυ|Ρίτσαρντ Σ. Σέλμπυ]], αμφότεροι Ρεπουμπλικανοί.
 
Στην [[Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών]], η πολιτεία εκπροσωπείται από επτά μέλη, έξι από τα οποία είναι Ρεπουμπλικανοί: ([[Τζο Μπόννερ]], [[Μάικ Ντ. Ρότζερς]], [[Ρόμπερτ Άντερχολτ]], [[Μόρρις Τζ. Μπρουκς]], [[Μάρθα Ρόμπυ]], και ο [[Σπένσερ Μπάχους]]) και μα Δημοκρατική: [[Τέρρι Σούελ]]).
{{Further2|[[United States presidential election in Alabama, 2004]]}}
 
==Education==
{{Main|Education in Alabama}}
 
===Primary and secondary education===
[[File:Vestavia Hills High School.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vestavia Hills High School]] in the suburbs of Birmingham.]]
Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the overview of the [[Alabama State Board of Education]] as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 individual schools provide education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.<ref name="qfacts">{{cite web|url= http://www.alsde.edu/general/quick_facts.pdf |title= Alabama Education Quick Facts 2007 |accessdate =August 11, 2007 |format= PDF| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070726181529/http://www.alsde.edu/general/quick_facts.pdf| archivedate= July 26, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.<ref name="qfacts"/> In 2007, over 82&nbsp;percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National [[No Child Left Behind]] law, using measures determined by the State of Alabama. In 2004, 23 percent of schools met AYP.<ref name="AYP">{{cite web|url= http://www.alsde.edu/Accountability/2007Reports/Press/2007AYPNewsRelease.pdf |title= Eighty-Two Percent of Alabama Schools Make AYP While Increasing Annual Measurable Objectives |accessdate =August 11, 2007 |format= PDF}}</ref>
 
While Alabama's public education system has improved,<!---since when? without date this means nothing. Also this para chronicles NO improvement---> it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data, Alabama's high school graduation rate—75%—is the fourth lowest in the United States (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi).<ref>http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf</ref> The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.<ref>[http://www.censusscope.org/us/s1/chart_education.html Education Statistics]. CensusScope.org</ref>
 
[[File:Harrison-plaza2.jpg|right|thumb|Harrison Plaza at the [[University of North Alabama]] in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the [[Alabama Legislature]] in 1830.]]
 
===Colleges and universities===
{{Main|List of colleges and universities in Alabama}}
 
Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are three medical schools ([[University of Alabama School of Medicine]], [[University of South Alabama]] and [[Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine]]), two veterinary colleges ([[Auburn University]] and [[Tuskegee University]]), a dental school ([[University of Alabama School of Dentistry]]), an optometry college ([[University of Alabama at Birmingham]]), two pharmacy schools ([[Auburn University]] and [[Samford University]]), and five law schools ([[University of Alabama School of Law]], [[Birmingham School of Law]], [[Cumberland School of Law]], [[Miles Law School]], and the [[Thomas Goode Jones School of Law]]). Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs.<ref name="ache">{{cite web|work= Alabama Commission on Higher Education |title= Degree titles and abbreviations |url= http://www.ache.state.al.us/Acadaffr/ProInv/Degreeabbr.htm |accessdate=September 3, 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cchs.ua.edu/edu/ |title=Education Programs &#124; CCHS |publisher=Cchs.ua.edu |accessdate=June 1, 2011}}</ref>
 
[[File:William J. Samford Hall.jpg|thumb|left|William J. Samford Hall at [[Auburn University]] in Auburn.]]
The largest single campus is the [[University of Alabama]], located in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]], with 33,602 enrolled for fall 2012.<ref>http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20120912/NEWS/120919931/1291?Title=University-of-Alabama-sees-record-student-enrollment-for-2012</ref> [[Troy University]] was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses ([[Troy, Alabama|Troy]], [[Dothan, Alabama|Dothan]], [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], and [[Phenix City, Alabama|Phenix City]]), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public [[University of North Alabama]] in [[Florence, Alabama|Florence]] and the Catholic Church-affiliated [[Spring Hill College]] in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], both founded in 1830.<ref name="una">{{cite web |url=http://www.una.edu/makinghistory/ |title=History in the making |publisher=University of North Alabama |accessdate=July 22, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61742e5Ls |archivedate=August 21, 2011 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="shc">{{cite web |url=http://www.shc.edu/about-shc/employment/hiring/the-mission-statement-of-spring-hill-college/ |title=The Mission Statement of Spring Hill College: History |publisher=Spring Hill College |accessdate=July 22, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61746iAFs |archivedate=August 21, 2011 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
Accreditation of academic programs is through the [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]] (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the [[Association for Biblical Higher Education]] (ABHE),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://directory.abhe.org/default.aspx?status=Member |title=Members |publisher=[[Association for Biblical Higher Education]] |accessdate=June 24, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6174AJ383 |archivedate=August 21, 2011 |deadurl=no}}</ref> the [[Council on Occupational Education]] (COE),<ref>{{cite web|title=Membership Directory|url=http://www.council.org/forms/acc_membership.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Council on Operational Education|accessdate=August 5, 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/60iiYeIyB|archivedate=August 5, 2011|date=November 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the [[Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools]] (ACICS).<ref>{{cite web|title=ACICS Website Directory|url=http://www.acics.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/7_20_09.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools|accessdate=August 5, 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/60iiMuVRG|archivedate=August 5, 2011|date=July 20, 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
According to the 2011 [[U.S. News and World Report]], Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, [[Auburn University]] at 36, and [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]] at 73).<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Public Schools|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/top-public/spp%2B50|publisher=[[U.S. News and World Report]]|accessdate=September 17, 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61mTinjiN|archivedate=September 17, 2011}}</ref>
 
==Sports==
[[File:Hank Aaron Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Hank Aaron Stadium]] in Mobile.]]
[[File:Von Braun Center Arena Dec10.jpg|thumb|[[Von Braun Center]] in Huntsville.]]
[[File:Hoover Met CIMG6404.JPG|thumb|[[Regions Park]] in Hoover.]]
 
===Professional sports teams===
{{Main|List of professional sports teams in Alabama}}
 
Alabama has several [[minor league]] professional teams including four [[minor league baseball]] teams.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Team name
! Location
! Sport
! League
! Venue
! Notes
|-
|[[Alabama Hammers]]
|Huntsville
|[[Arena football]]
|[[Southern Indoor Football League]]
|[[Von Braun Center]]
|
|-
|[[Birmingham Barons]]
|Birmingham
|Baseball
|[[Southern League (baseball)|Southern League]]
|[[Regions Park]]
|
|-
|[[Huntsville Havoc]]
|Huntsville
|[[Ice Hockey]]
|[[Southern Professional Hockey League]]
|[[Von Braun Center]]
|
|-
|[[Dixie Derby Girls]]
|[[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]]
|[[Roller derby]]
|[[Women's Flat Track Derby Association]] (WFTDA)
|[[Von Braun Center]]
|
|-
|[[Huntsville Stars]]
|Huntsville
|Baseball
|Southern League
|[[Joe W. Davis Stadium]]
|
|-
|[[Mobile BayBears]]
|Mobile
|Baseball
|Southern League
|[[Hank Aaron Stadium]]
|
|-
|[[Montgomery Biscuits]]
|Montgomery
|Baseball
|Southern League
|[[Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium]]
|
|-
|[[Rocket City United]]
|Huntsville
| Soccer
|[[National Premier Soccer League]]
|Madison City Schools Stadium
|
|-
|[[Tennessee Valley Tigers]]
|Huntsville
|[[American Football|Football]]
|[[Independent Women's Football League]]
|[[Milton Frank Stadium]]
|replaced the Alabama Renegades
|-
|[[Tragic City Rollers]]
|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
|[[Roller derby]]
|[[Women's Flat Track Derby Association]] (WFTDA)
|[[Zamora Shrine Temple, Irondale]]
|
|}
===Venues===
Alabama has four of the world's largest stadiums by seating capacity: [[Talladega Superspeedway]] in [[Talladega, Alabama|Talladega]], [[Bryant-Denny Stadium]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]], [[Jordan-Hare Stadium]] in [[Auburn, Alabama|Auburn]] and [[Legion Field]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]].
 
[[File:Bryant-Denny Stadium by Highsmith 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bryant-Denny Stadium]] at the [[University of Alabama]] in Tuscaloosa.]]
The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of [[NASCAR]] events. It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America. Bryant-Denny Stadium serves as the home of the [[University of Alabama]] football team has a seating capacity of 101,821. It is the fifth largest stadium in America and the eighth largest non-racing stadium in the world. Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the [[Auburn University]] football team and has a seating capacity of 87,451. It is the [[List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums|twelfth largest]] college football stadium in America. Legion Field is home for the [[UAB Blazers]] football program and the [[Papajohns.com Bowl]]. It seats 71,594.<ref>[http://www.tidesports.com/article/20100804/NEWS/100809854/1011?Title=Bryant-Denny-expansion-brings-capacity-to-101-821 ]{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/stadium_list/100000.shtml |title=Stadium List :: 100 000+ Stadiums |publisher=World Stadiums |accessdate=February 10, 2012}}</ref>
 
[[Ladd-Peebles Stadium]] in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] serves as the home of the [[Senior Bowl|NCAA Senior Bowl]], [[GoDaddy.com Bowl]], Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic and home of the [[University of South Alabama]] football team. Ladd-Peebles Stadium opened in 1948 and seats 40,646.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laddpeeblesstadium.com/ |title=Welcome to Ladd Peebles Stadium |publisher=Laddpeeblesstadium.com |date=January 23, 2012 |accessdate=February 10, 2012}}</ref>
 
In 2009, Bryant-Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the [[Alabama High School Athletic Association]] state football championship games, known as the Super Six. Bryant-Denny hosts the Super Six in odd-numbered years, with Jordan-Hare taking the games in even-numbered years. Previously, the Super Six was held at Legion Field in Birmingham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/sentell/2009/04/super_6_byebye_birmingham.html |title=Super 6 leaving Birmingham for Bryant-Denny, Jordan-Hare stadiums &#124; al.com |publisher=Blog.al.com |accessdate=February 10, 2012}}</ref>
 
==Transportation==
[[File:BHM tower and terminal.jpg|thumb|left|Control tower and terminal at the [[Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport]].]]
 
===Air transportation===
{{Main|Aviation in Alabama}}
Major airports in Alabama include [[Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport]] (BHM), [[Huntsville International Airport]] (HSV), [[Dothan Regional Airport]] (DHN), [[Mobile Regional Airport]] (MOB), [[Montgomery Regional Airport]] (MGM), [[Northwest Alabama Regional Airport|Muscle Shoals – Northwest Alabama Regional Airport]] (MSL), [[Tuscaloosa Regional Airport]] (TCL), and [[Pryor Field Regional Airport]] (DCU).
 
===Rail===
For rail transport, [[Amtrak]] schedules the Crescent, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa.
 
===Roads===
[[File:I20I59Birmingham.JPG|thumb|right|[[Interstate 59]] (co-signed with [[Interstate 20]]) approaching [[Interstate 65]] in downtown Birmingham.]]
[[File:Mobile Alabama I-10 downtown.jpg|thumb|right|Eastbound [[Interstate 10]] in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] as it approaches the [[George Wallace Tunnel]].]]
 
Alabama has five major interstate roads that cross the state: [[I-65]] runs north–south roughly through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels from the central west border to Birmingham, where [[I-59]] continues to the north-east corner of the state and [[I-20]] continues east towards Atlanta; [[I-85]] originates in Montgomery and runs east-northeast to the Georgia border, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and [[Interstate 10 in Alabama|I-10]] traverses the southernmost portion of the state, running from west to east through Mobile. Another interstate road, [[Interstate 22|I-22]], is currently under construction. When completed around 2014 it will connect Birmingham with [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: [[Interstate 165|I-165]] in Mobile, [[Interstate 359|I-359]] in Tuscaloosa, [[Interstate 459|I-459]] around Birmingham, [[Interstate 565|I-565]] in Huntsville, and [[Interstate 759|I-759]] in Gadsden. A sixth route, [[Interstate 685|I-685]], will be created when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will designated as [[Interstate 422|I-422]].
 
Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as [[U.S. Route 11|US 11]], [[U.S. Route 29|US 29]], [[U.S. Route 31|US 31]], [[U.S. Route 43|US 43]], [[U.S. Route 45|US 45]], [[U.S. Route 72|US 72]], [[U.S. Route 78|US 78]], [[U.S. Route 80|US 80]], [[U.S. Route 82|US 82]], [[U.S. Route 84|US 84]], [[U.S. Route 90|US 90]], [[U.S. Route 98|US 98]], [[U.S. Route 231|US 231]], [[U.S. Route 278|US 278]], [[U.S. Route 280|US 280]], [[U.S. Route 331|US 331]], [[U.S. Route 411|US 411]], and [[U.S. Route 431|US 431]].
 
There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]; Tuscaloosa Bypass in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]; Emerald Mountain Expressway in [[Wetumpka, Alabama|Wetumpka]]; and Beach Express in [[Orange Beach, Alabama|Orange Beach]].
 
In March 2011, Alabama ranked among the top five "Worst" states on the American State Litter Scorecard, for overall poor effectiveness and quality of its statewide public space cleanliness—primarily roadway and adjacent litter removals—from state and related efforts.<ref>S. Spacek, 2011 American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for an Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Populace.</ref>
 
===Ports===
[[File:Mobile Alabama harbor aerial view.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the port of Mobile]]
 
Alabama has one seaport, in Mobile on the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf.
 
Water ports of Alabama, listed from north to south:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Port name
! Location
! Connected to
|-
| Port of [[Florence, Alabama|Florence]] ||''[[Florence, Alabama|Florence]]/[[Muscle Shoals, Alabama|Muscle Shoals]]'', on ''[[Pickwick Lake]]''||[[Tennessee River]]
|-
| [[Port of Decatur]] || ''[[Decatur, Alabama|Decatur]]'', on ''[[Wheeler Lake]]''||Tennessee River
|-
| Port of [[Guntersville, Alabama|Guntersville]] ||''[[Guntersville, Alabama|Guntersville]]'', on ''[[Lake Guntersville]]''||Tennessee River
|-
| Port of [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] || ''[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]'', on ''[[Black Warrior River]]'' || [[Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway|Tenn-Tom Waterway]]
|-
| Port of [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] ||''[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]'', on ''Black Warrior River''||Tenn-Tom Waterway
|-
| Port of [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]] || ''[[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]'', on ''[[R.E."Bob" Woodruff Lake|Woodruff Lake]]'' || [[Alabama River]]
|-
| [[Port of Mobile]] || ''[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]'', on ''[[Mobile Bay]]'' || [[Gulf of Mexico]]
|}
{{clear}}
 
==See also==
{{portal|History|Native America|New Spain|British Empire|Geography|North America|United States|Alabama}}
*Topic overview:
<!-- **[[Alabama]] -->
**[[Outline of Alabama]]
**[[Index of Alabama-related articles]]
<!-- **[[Bibliography of Alabama]] -->
<!-- **[[Book:Alabama]] -->
*[[List of people from Alabama]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama]]
{{clear}}
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
:''For a detailed bibliography, see the [[History of Alabama]].''
*Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. ''Alabama: The History of a Deep South State'' (1994)
*Flynt, Wayne. ''Alabama in the Twentieth Century'' (2004)
*Owen Thomas M. ''History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography'' 4 vols. 1921.
*Jackson, Harvey H. ''Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State'' (2004)
*Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" ''Alabama Review'' 2002 55(4): 243–274. ISSN 0002-4341
*Peirce, Neal R. ''The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States'' (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960–72.
*Williams, Benjamin Buford. ''A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century'' 1979.
*WPA. ''Guide to Alabama'' (1939)
 
==External links==
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{{Sister project links|Alabama|s=Wikisource:Alabama}}
*[http://alabama.gov/ Alabama.gov] – official site
*[http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/alabama/index.html Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress]
*[http://www.alarc.org/ Alabama Association of Regional Councils]
*[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=AL Energy Data & Statistics for Alabama- From the U.S. Department of Energy]
*[http://www.touralabama.org/ TourAlabama.org] – Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel
*[http://www.archives.state.al.us/aaa.html All About Alabama], at the [[Alabama Department of Archives and History]]
*[http://www.alabamamosaic.org/ AlabamaMosaic], a digital repository of materials on Alabama's history, culture, places, and people
*[http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/coatoc.htm Code of Alabama 1975] – at the Alabama Legislature site
*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Alabama|Alabama}}
*[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AL USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama]
*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html Alabama QuickFacts] from the U.S. Census Bureau
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/al.htm Alabama State Fact Sheet] from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
*{{osmrelation-inline|161950}}
{{clear}}
 
{{Navboxes|title= <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Alabama</span> <br /> ''The Heart of Dixie''
|list =
{{Alabama|expanded}}
{{Alabama cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Confederate States of America}}
{{Protected Areas of Alabama}}
|state=expanded}}
{{Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες}}
{{United States topics}}
 
{{Geographic location
| Northwest =
| North= {{flag|Tennessee}}
| Northeast =
| West= {{flag|Mississippi}}
| Centre= '' Alabama'': [[Outline of Alabama|Outline]] • [[Index of Alabama-related articles|Index]]
| East= {{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia}}
| Southwest= [[Gulf of Mexico]]
| South= {{flag|Florida}}
| Southeast =
}}
{{succession
| preceded= [[Illinois]]
| office= [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]
| years= Admitted on December 14, 1819 (22nd)
| succeeded= [[Maine]]
}}
 
{{Coord|32.7|-86.7|type:adm2nd_dim:1000000_source:USGS|display=title}}<!-- geographic center of state -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
 
[[Category:Alabama| ]]
[[Category:Former British colonies]]
[[Category:Place names of Native American origin in Alabama]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1819]]
[[Category:States of the Confederate States of America]]
[[Category:States of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
 
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