Πολωνική-Λιθουανική Κοινοπολιτεία: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 93:
==Παραπομπές==
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
Γραμμή 108 ⟶ 109 :
<ref name="Benedict1919">{{cite book|author=Bertram Benedict|title=A history of the great war|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i5wMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21|accessdate=13 August 2011|year=1919|publisher=Bureau of national literature, inc.|page=21}}</ref>
<ref name="Davies 699">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&pg=PA699 |first=Norman |last=Davies |title=Europe: A History |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=699 |isbn=0-19-820171-0}}</ref>
<ref name="Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)">Jan Zamoyski's speech in the Parliament, 1605 {{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Harbottle Thomas Benfield|coauthors=|title=Dictionary of Quotations (Classical)|year=2009|editor= |page=254|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|location= |isbn=1-113-14791-1|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Domar ">[[Evsey D. Domar]], "Capitalism, socialism, and serfdom: essays", Cambridge University Press, 1989, pg. 23 [http://books.google.com/books?id=G2RY6D3-UqgC&pg=PA233&dq=serfdom+Poland+Lithuania]</ref>
<ref name="Encyclopedia of witchcraft: the Western tradition">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Richard M. Golden|coauthors=|title=Encyclopedia of witchcraft: the Western tradition|year=2006|editor= |page=1039|pages= |chapter=Volume 4|chapterurl= |publisher=ABC-CLIO|location= |isbn=1-57607-243-6|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Ethnic identity: problems and prospects for the twenty-first century">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Lola Romanucci-Ross, George A. De Vos, Takeyuki Tsuda |coauthors= |title=Ethnic identity: problems and prospects for the twenty-first century |year=2006 |editor= |page=84 |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=Rowman Altamira |location= |isbn=0-7591-0973-7 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=AajCaf34k3oC&pg=PA84&dq=arabic+Tatars+Polish+Lithuanian+Commonwealth#v=onepage&q&f=false |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="European Jewish Congress – Poland">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=107 |title=European Jewish Congress – Poland |publisher=Eurojewcong.org |date= |accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Europeanisation, national identities, and migration: changes in boundary constructions between Western and Eastern Europe">''Thus, at the time of the first partition in 1772, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of 43 per cent Roman Catholics, 33 per cent Greek Catholics, 10 per cent Christian Orthodox, 9 per cent Jews and 4 per cent Protestant'' {{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Willfried Spohn, Anna Triandafyllidou|coauthors=|title=Europeanisation, national identities, and migration: changes in boundary constructions between Western and Eastern Europe|year=2003|editor= |page=127|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Routledge|location= |isbn=0-415-29667-6|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferrand">''Ex quo serenissima respublica Poloniae in corpore ad exempluin omnium aliarnm potentiarum, lilulum regiuin Borussiae recognoscere decrevit (...)''<br> {{fr icon}} {{cite book |author=Antoine-François-Claude Ferrand|coauthors= |title=Histoire des trois démembremens de la Pologne: pour faire suite à l'histoire de l'Anarchie de Pologne par Rulhière|year=1820|editor= |page=182 |pages= |chapter=Volume 1 | chapterurl = |publisher=Deterville|location= |isbn=|url=http://books.google.com/?id=j1kPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Ftazee">Total and Jewish population based on Frazee; others are estimations from Pogonowski (se following reference). Charles A. Frazee, ''World History the Easy Way'', Barron's Educational Series, ISBN 0-8120-9766-1, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0812097661&id=Br-ElA3OpEMC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&ots=tguZsY7DB0&dq=demographics+Poland+Lithuania+7000000&sig=wNm4yPFP_PNvqrfFb6BKUp9hZxA Google Print, 50]</ref>
<ref name="Gieysztor88">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=|coauthors=|title=Rzeczpospolita w dobie Jana III (Commonwealth during the reign of John III)|year=1988|editor=[[Aleksander Gieysztor]]|page=45|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=[[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle in Warsaw]]|location= |isbn=|url=http://books.google.com/?id=a8BBAAAAYAAJ|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe: junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries (Volume 2)">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5pAwqsSyTlsC&pg=PA11&dq=vilnius+capital+commonwealth+venclova&cd=1#v=onepage&q=vilnius%20capital%20commonwealth%20venclova&f=false|author=Marcel Cornis-Pope, John Neubauer; essay by [[Tomas Venclova]]|year=2004|title=History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe: junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries (Volume 2) |publisher=[[John Benjamins]] Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-3453-7|page=11}}</ref>
<ref name="Lemberg">{{en icon}} {{cite web |author = |url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09144a.htm|title = Lemberg|work = Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher = |pages = |page = |date = |accessdate = 2010-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Lineages of the absolutist state">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=PPerry Anderson|coauthors=|title=Lineages of the absolutist state|year=1979|editor= |page=285|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Verso|location= |isbn=0-86091-710-X|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Linear induction drives">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Jacek F. Gieras|coauthors=|title=Linear induction drives|year=1994|editor= |page=V|pages= |chapter=Volume 30 of Monographs in electrical and electronic engineering, Oxford science publications|chapterurl= |publisher=Oxford University Press|location= |isbn=0-19-859381-3|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Migrants and citizens: demographic change in the European state system">{{cite book|title=Migrants and citizens: demographic change in the European state system|author=Rey Koslowski|publisher=[[Cornell University]] Press|year=2000|page=51|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0lZxEfg-tQMC&pg=PA51&dq=polish+lithuanian+commonwealth+americas+western+europe&cd=2#v=onepage&q=polish%20lithuanian%20commonwealth%20americas%20western%20europe&f=false | isbn=978-0-8014-3714-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du XVIIIe siècle, contenant les négociations, traitez, résolutions et autres documents authentiques concernant les affaires d'état: avec le supplément aux années MDCXCVI-MDCCIII">{{fr icon}} {{cite book |author=Guillaume de Lamberty|coauthors= |title=Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du XVIIIe siècle, contenant les négociations, traitez, résolutions et autres documents authentiques concernant les affaires d'état: avec le supplément aux années MDCXCVI-MDCCIII|year=1735|editor= |page=343 |pages= |chapter=Volume 3 | chapterurl = |publisher=|location= |isbn=|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2Vw_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|format= |quote=Généreux et Magnifiques Seigneurs les Sénateurs et autres Ordres de la Sérénissime République de Pologne et du grand Duché de Lithuanie|accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Norman Davies 1795"># Norman Davies, God's Playground. A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925339-0 / ISBN 0-19-925340-4</ref>
<ref name="Pacy_and_Hughes_2001 ">{{cite book |last=Pacy |first=James S. |coauthors=James T. McHugh |title=Diplomats Without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=wRbdAwtxVIAC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Union+of+Lublin&vq=autonomy |accessdate=2006-09-03 |edition=1st |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Post Road West, Westport, Connecticut |isbn= 0-313-31878-6 |doi = 10.1336/0313318786 |origyear=2001-08-30 |year=2001 }}</ref>
<ref name="Palaces and Castles in a Lion Country">{{en icon}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://www.lvivtoday.com.ua/exploring-lviv/336 |title=Palaces and Castles in a Lion Country |work=www.lvivtoday.com.ua |publisher= |date=June 2, 2008 |accessdate=2009-05-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Polish roots">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Rosemary A. Chorzempa |coauthors= |title=Polish roots |year=1993 |editor= |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher= Genealogical Pub. |location= |isbn=0-8063-1378-1 |url= |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Politics and reformations: communities, polities, nations, and empires : essays in honor of Thomas A. Brady, Jr">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_bU1jKS2ETkC&pg=PT232&dq=vilnius+second+capital+commonwelath&cd=27#v=onepage&q=&f=false|author=Thomas A. Brady, Christopher Ocker; entry by David Frick|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2007|title=Politics and reformations: communities, polities, nations, and empires : essays in honor of Thomas A. Brady, Jr|isbn=978-90-04-16173-3|page=206}}</ref>
<ref name="Pollution and property: comparing ownership institutions for environmental protection">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Daniel H. Cole|coauthors=|title=Pollution and property: comparing ownership institutions for environmental protection|year=2002|editor= |page=106|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location= |isbn=0-521-00109-9|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Polska sztuka ludowa (Polish Folk Art)">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Państwowy Instytut Badania Sztuki Ludowej|coauthors=|title=Polska sztuka ludowa (Polish Folk Art)|year=1974|editor= |page=259|pages= |chapter=Volumes 28-29|chapterurl= |publisher=Państwowy Instytut Sztuki|location= |isbn=|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Rich noble, poor noble">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=M. L. Bush |coauthors= |title=Rich noble, poor noble |year=1988 |editor= |pages=8–9 |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=Manchester University Press ND |location= |isbn=0-7190-2381-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TIG7AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Rich noble, poor noble" />
<ref name="Russia's foreign trade and economic expansion in the seventeenth century: windows on the world">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Jarmo Kotilaine |coauthors= |title=Russia's foreign trade and economic expansion in the seventeenth century: windows on the world |year=2005 |editor= |page=47 |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=BRILL|location= |isbn=90-04-13896-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=57LnE5DO2rQC&printsec=frontcover |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Rzeczpospolita spichlerzem Europy">{{pl icon}} {{cite web |author=Maciej Kobyliński |url=http://www.polinow.pl/przelom_bugu-bugiem_do_gdanska|title=Rzeczpospolita spichlerzem Europy|work=www.polinow.pl |publisher= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=2009-12-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Setting Sail">{{en icon}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2437/|title=Setting Sail |work=www.warsawvoice.pl |publisher= |pages= |page= |date=29 May 2003 |accessdate=2009-05-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Tereskinas">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Artūras Tereškinas|coauthors=|title=Imperfect communities: identity, discourse and nation in the seventeenth-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania|year=2005|editor= |page=31|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas|location= |isbn=9955-475-94-3|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="The Elective Monarchy">''The death of Sigismund II Augustus in 1572 was followed by a three-year Interregnum during which adjustments were made in the constitutional system. The lower nobility was now included in the selection process, and the power of the monarch was further circumscribed in favor of the expanded noble class. From that point, the king was effectively a partner with the noble class and constantly supervised by a group of senators.''<br> {{en icon}} {{cite web |author = |url = http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/longhist3.html |title = The Elective Monarchy |work = Poland - The Historical Setting |publisher = Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |pages = |page = |year = 1992 |accessdate = 2011-07-15}}</ref>
<ref name="The Essential World History: Volume II: Since 1500">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel|coauthors=|title=The Essential World History: Volume II: Since 1500|year=2006|editor= |page=336|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Cengage Learning|location= |isbn=0-495-09766-7|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="The Lithuanian-Rus'commonwealth, the Polish domination, and the Cossack-Hetman state">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Nicholas L. Chirovsky|coauthors=|title=The Lithuanian-Rus'commonwealth, the Polish domination, and the Cossack-Hetman state|year=1984|editor= |page=367|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Philosophical Library|location= |isbn=0-8022-2407-5|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="The Polish–Lithuanian state, 1386–1795">{{cite book|title=The Polish–Lithuanian state, 1386–1795|author=Daniel Stone|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA221&dq=warsaw+real+capital+commonwealth&cd=1#v=onepage&q=warsaw%20real%20capital%20commonwealth&f=false|publisher=[[University of Washington]] Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-295-98093-5|page=221}}</ref>
<ref name="The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author = Tomasz Kamusella | coauthors = | title = The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe | year = 2008 | editor = | page =115 | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Palgrave Macmillan| location = | isbn = 0-230-55070-3| url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref>
<ref name="The Rise and Decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author = Krzysztof Olszewski | coauthors = | title = The Rise and Decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade| year = 2007 | editor = | page =7 | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher = | location = | isbn = | url =http://venus.unive.it/olszewski/Polish%20Grain%20Trade%20-%20Krzysztof%20Olszewski.pdf | format = | accessdate =2009-04-22 }}</ref>
<ref name="The Rise and Decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade3">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Krzysztof Olszewski|coauthors=|title=The Rise and Decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade| year=2007 |editor= |pages=6–7 |chapter= |chapterurl= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="The Slavs in European History and Civilization">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=[[Francis Dvornik]] |coauthors= |title=The Slavs in European History and Civilization |year=1992 |editor= |page=300 |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location= |isbn=0-8135-0799-5 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LACpYP-g1y8C&printsec=frontcover |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="The headless state: aristocratic orders, kinship society, & misrepresentations of nomadic inner Asia">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=David Sneath |coauthors= |title=The headless state: aristocratic orders, kinship society, & misrepresentations of nomadic inner Asia |year=2007|editor= |page=188 |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=Columbia University Press |location= |isbn=0-231-14054-1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OR14qaApQbgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="The headless state: aristocratic orders, kinship society, & misrepresentations of nomadic inner Asia" />
<ref name="The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Stephen K. Batalden, Sandra L. Batalden|coauthors=|title=The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics|year=1997|editor= |page=45|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location= |isbn=0-89774-940-5|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Serhii Plokhy|coauthors= |title=The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus |year=2006 |editor= |page=169 |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=0-521-86403-8|url=http://books.google.pl/books?id=pCdUmCWxwJ8C&printsec=frontcover|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Ukraine and Ukrainians">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Peter Kardash, Brett Lockwood|coauthors= |title=Ukraine and Ukrainians|year=1988|editor= |page=134 |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=Fortuna|location= |isbn=|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Pl1pAAAAMAAJ|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Ukraine">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Sarah Johnstone|coauthors=|title=Ukraine|year=2008|editor= |page=27|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Lonely Planet|location= |isbn=1-74104-481-2|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Wandycz">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Piotr Stefan Wandycz|coauthors=|title=The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present|year=2001|editor= |page=89|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Routledge|location= |isbn=0-415-25490-6|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Wandycz2001-66">{{cite book|author=Piotr Stefan Wandycz|title=The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m5plR3x6jLAC&pg=PA66|accessdate=13 August 2011|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-25491-5|page=66}}</ref>
<ref name="Warszawa, jej dzieje i kultura">{{pl icon}} {{cite book |author=|coauthors=Zofia Baranowicz, Aleksander Gieysztor, Janusz Durko |title=Warszawa, jej dzieje i kultura |year=1980 |editor= |page=667 |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=Arkady|location= |isbn=83-213-2958-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=gPorAAAAMAAJ|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1910-01-31 |accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Zigmas ">{{cite book | last = Zinkevičius | first = Z. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Rytų Lietuva praeityje ir dabar | publisher = Vilnius: [[Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla]] | year = 1993 | location = | page = 70|quote= Official usage of Lithuanian language in the 16th century Lithuania's cities proves magistrate's decree of [[Vilnius]] city, which was sealed by [[Žygimantas Augustas]]’ in 1552...//Courts juratory were written in Lithuanian language. In fact, such [courts juratory written in Lithuanian] survived from the 17th century...| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 5-420-01085-2 }}</ref>
<ref name="acta">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Institute of History ([[Polish Academy of Sciences]]) |title=Acta Poloniae historica|year=1991|editor= |page=42|pages= |chapter=Volumes 63-66|chapterurl= |publisher=[[Ossolineum|National Ossoliński Institute]]|location= |isbn=0-88033-186-0|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="autogenerated1 ">{{en icon}} {{cite book |author=Joanna B. Michlic |coauthors=|title=Poland's threatening other: the image of the Jew from 1880 to the present |year=2006 |editor= |page=42 |pages= |chapter= | chapterurl = |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |location= |isbn=0-8032-3240-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&printsec=frontcover |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="bidel ">{{cite book|title=A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change|year=2007|page=189|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|author=Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PTB0gn_qwTcC&pg=PA189&dq=polish+lithuania+commonwealth+grain+exports&cd=7#v=onepage&q=polish%20lithuania%20commonwealth%20grain%20exports&f=false | isbn=978-0-415-36627-4}}</ref>
<ref name="camb1">{{cite book|title=Trade and urban development in Poland: an economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795 – Volume 20 of Cambridge studies in historical geography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-XdByzq85zMC&pg=PA187&dq=warsaw+capital+1611&cd=2#v=onepage&q=warsaw%20capital%201611&f=false|year=1994|author=Francis W. Carter|pages=186, 187|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-41239-1}}</ref>
<ref name="davies ">{{cite book|title=Europe: A History|author=[[Norman Davies]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4StZDvPCcJEC&pg=PA660&dq=vilnius+capital+grand+duchy&cd=2#v=onepage&q=vilnius%20capital%20grand%20duchy&f=false|year=1998|pages=657–660 | isbn=978-0-06-097468-8}}</ref>
<ref name="portal.unesco.org">{{en icon}} {{cite web |author = |url = http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23126&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title = Memory of the World Register Nomination Form |work = portal.unesco.org |publisher = |pages = |page = |date = |accessdate = 2011-08-02}}</ref>
<ref name="yves ">{{cite book|title=Revolt and revolution in early modern Europe: an essay on the history of political violence|author=Yves Marie Bercé|year=1987|publisher=[[Manchester University]] Press|url=|page=151}}</ref>
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