BBC Τηλεόραση: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 5:
Τα κανάλια του [[BBC]] δεν έχουν καθόλου διαφημίσεις και η συνολική τους τηλεθέαση είναι το 30% των τηλεθεατών στο [[Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-total-viewing-summary|title=What's new - BARB}}</ref>. Τα κανάλια χρηματοδοτούνται από το [[Τέλος Τηλεόρασης στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο | τέλος τηλεόρασης]].
==History of BBC Television==
The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes [[in-house]], thereby ranking as one of the world's largest television production companies.
=== Early Years (Prior to 1939) ===
[[Baird Television Ltd.]] made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in [[Long Acre (street)|Long Acre]], [[London]], via the BBC's London [[transmitter]], using the [[mechanical television|electromechanical]] system pioneered by [[John Logie Baird]]. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at [[Brookmans Park Transmitter|Brookmans Park]]. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of [[Broadcasting House]], London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 [[Portland Place]], London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the [[medium wave]] transmitter at [[Brookmans Park]], until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of [[Alexandra Palace]] in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, now broadcasting on the [[VHF]] band. BBC television initially used two systems, on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird [[intermediate film system]] and the [[405-line]] Marconi-EMI system, each making the BBC the world's first regular high-definition television service, broadcasting Monday to Saturday from 15:00 to 16:00 and 21:00 to 22:00.<ref>{{cite book|first=R.W.|last=Burns|title=Television: An International History of the Formative Years|location=London|publisher=The Institution of Electrical Engineers|year=1998|pages=ix|isbn=0-85296-914-7}}</ref>
The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and [[Philo Taylor Farnsworth|Farnsworth]] [[image dissector]] cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and was dropped in February 1937.
Initially, the station's range was officially a 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at [[RCA]] in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.<ref>They filmed the static-ridden output they saw on their screen, and this poor-quality mute film footage is the only surviving record of 1930s British television filmed directly from the screen. Some images of programmes do survive in [[newsreels]], which also contain footage shot in studios while programmes were being made, giving a feel for what was being done, albeit without directly replicating what was being shown on screen.</ref>
Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by [[John Logie Baird]] began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in [[Brookmans Park transmitting station|Brookmans Park]]. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as [[BBC One]] on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from [[Alexandra Palace]] in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was "Opening of the BBC Television Service" at 3pm.<ref>[[Radio Times]] for that date</ref> The first major outside broadcast was the [[coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth]] in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The [[Very high frequency|VHF]] broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the [[radar]] programme.
=== Wartime closure (1939 - 1946) ===
On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared [[World War II|war]] on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning;<ref name=MickeyMouse>{{cite web|url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/baird/tvoff/index.htm|title=The edit that rewrote history – Baird|accessdate=28 May 2007|publisher=Transdiffusion Broadcasting System|date=31 October 2005}}</ref> the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the [[radar]] programme. The last programme transmitted was a [[Mickey Mouse]] cartoon, ''[[Mickey's Gala Premier]]'' (1933), which was followed by test transmissions and an announcement of the afternoon's programmes, which were in the event not broadcast; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon.<ref name=MickeyMouse/>
According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.
=== The remaining monopoly years (1946 - 1955) ===
BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. [[Jasmine Bligh]], one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.<ref>
{{cite news|last=Rohrer|first=Finlo|title=Back after the break|work=Magazine|publisher=BBC News|date=7 June 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5054802.stm|accessdate=25 April 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070313100756/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5054802.stm|archivedate=13 March 2007 <!-- DASHBot -->|deadurl=no}}</ref> {{verify credibility|date=June 2014}} Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired [[Lime Grove Studios]]. {{original research?|date=June 2014}}
Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to [[Birmingham]] in 1949 with the opening of the [[Sutton Coldfield transmitting station]], and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a [[405-line television system|405-line]] [[Interlacing|interlaced]] image on [[VHF]]. {{original research?|date=June 2014}}
Television transmissions resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946. The BBC Television Service (renamed "BBC tv" in 1960) showed popular programming, including drama, comedies, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show ''[[Doctor Who]]'' on 23 November 1963, which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes.
===1964 to 1967===
BBC TV was renamed [[BBC One]] in 1964, after the launch of [[BBC Two|BBC2]] (now BBC Two), the third television station ([[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at [[Battersea Power Station]]. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by [[Denis Tuohy]] holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] and [[Standard-definition television|625-line]] pictures, giving higher definition than the existing [[Very high frequency|VHF]] [[405-line television system|405-line]] system.
===1967 to 2003===
[[File:60 BBC Years.jpg|thumb|right|A special ident was created in 1982 to celebrate 60 years of the BBC.]]
On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German [[PAL]] system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems.<ref>[http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/technology/technology8.html TV Technology 8. Britain In Colour – and UHF.] Screenonline, Richard G. Elen. Retrieved: 26 November 2010.</ref> ([[BBC One]] and [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, [[David Attenborough|Sir David Attenborough]] to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as ''[[Civilisation (television series)|Civilisation]]'', ''[[The Ascent of Man]]'' and ''[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]''.
In 1967 ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' cartoons first aired on BBC One, with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 5 pm, with occasional morning showings on [[CBBC]]. The BBC stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000.
David Attenborough was later granted [[sabbatical]] leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as ''[[Life on Earth (TV series)|Life on Earth]]'', ''[[The Private Life of Plants]]'', ''[[The Blue Planet]]'', ''[[The Life of Mammals]]'', ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'' and ''[[Frozen Planet]]''.
National and [[regional variation]]s also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England.
Programmes, such as the politically fuelled ''[[Give My Head Peace]]'' (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera ''[[River City]]'' (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations, who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular ''[[Eòrpa]]'' and ''[[Dè a-nis?]]''. BBC Wales also produces a large amount of [[Welsh language]] programming for [[S4C]], particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the soap opera ''[[Pobol y Cwm]]'' ('People of the Valley'). The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series ''Chewin' the Fat'', and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show ''[[Patrick Kielty Almost Live]]''.
The BBC is also renowned for its production of costume dramas, such as [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV serial)|Pride and Prejudice]]'' and contemporary social dramas such as ''[[Boys from the Blackstuff]]'' and ''[[Our Friends in the North]]''. The BBC has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and indeed is legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the [[Broadcasting Act 1990]]. Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable—though no longer shown—examples include ''[[The Simpsons]]'' from the United States and ''[[Neighbours]]'' from Australia. Because of the availability of programmes in English, few programmes need use sub-titles or [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] unlike much European television.
The BBC also introduced [[Ceefax]], the first [[teletext]] service, starting in 1974. This service allows BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service.
In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the [[Astra 2D]] satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC £85 million over the next five years.
While the "footprint" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of [[Astra 2A]], from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels "free-to-air" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as [[List of Hollywood movie studios|Hollywood studios]] and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the [[Sky Digital (UK & Ireland)|Sky Digital]] platform, such as [[Scottish Premier League]] and [[Scottish Cup]] [[association football|football]], while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved.
===2004 onwards===
On 5 July 2004, the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins (although it had produced the ''[[Television Newsreel]]'' for several years before 1954). This event was marked by the release of a DVD, which showed highlights of the BBC's television coverage of significant events over the half-century, as well as changes in the format of the BBC television news; from the [[newsreel]] format of the first BBC Television News bulletins, to the 24-hour, worldwide news coverage available in 2004. A special edition of ''[[Radio Times]]'' was also produced, as well as a special section of the [[BBC News Online]] website. In 2005 the pioneering BBC television series ''[[Little Angels]]'' won a [[BAFTA]] award. ''Little Angels'' was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw Welsh actress [[Jynine James]] try to cope with the tantrums of her six-year old son.
The BBC Television department headed by [[Jana Bennett]] was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/print/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/11_november/20/vision.shtml BBC Vision Press release] BBC Press Office</ref> The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.
In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/11_november/19/simulcast.shtml BBC One and BBC Two to be simulcast from 27 November]</ref>
In October 2013, the BBC announced its [[BBC World War I centenary season|World War I centenary season]] which includes 130 newly commissioned programmes.
==Κανάλια==
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