Κομφούκιος: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

* Kim Nea-Kyoun, «Κομφούκιος και Σωκράτης. Η αντίληψη για την αυτοπραγμάτωση και την επιμέλεια της ψυχής». Ελληνική Φιλοσοφική Επιθεώρηση 1 (1984), 305-313.

 

{{Βικιφθέγματα}}

* [http://www.confucius.org/ Πολύγλωσσος δικτυακός τόπος για τον Κομφούκιο και τα Ανάλεκτα]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/ Ο Κομφούκιος στη δικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια φιλοσοφίας του Stanford]

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[[Reports of unusual religious childbirths|According to tradition]], Confucius was born in [[551 BC]] (during the [[Spring and Autumn Period]], at the beginning of the [[Hundred Schools of Thought]] philosophical movement) in the city of [[Qufu]], which was located in the Chinese [[Lu (state)|State of Lu]] (now part of present-day [[Shandong|Shandong Province]] and culturally and geographically close to the royal mansion of Zhou). He was born into a deposed noble family which had recently fled from the [[Song (state)|State of Song]].

The [[Records of the Grand Historian]] (史記), compiled some 400 years later, indicate that Confucius was conceived out of wedlock (野合). His father was seventy, and his mother only fifteen at his birth. His father died when he was three, and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. His social ascendancy links him to the growing class of ''Shì'' (士), a class between the old [[nobility]] and the common people. This class later became the prominent class of [[Intellectual]] because of the cultural and intellectual skills they shared.

 

As a young man, he was a minor administrative manager in the State of Lu and rose to the position of Justice Minister. After several years working for the state of Lu, Confucius resigned because he disapproved of the politics of his King.

According to "The Sayings of Confucius", the state of Lu was prosperous thanks, in part, to the wise administration of Confucius. This is unlikely as Confucius never held any major position in either Lu or anywhere else. There is a legend that the neighbouring state of Qi was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful. Qi then decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending one hundred horses and eighty beautiful dancing girls to the King of Lu. The King of Lu then indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. At the sacrificial rites he did not give the counselors the meat in accordance to the rites. Confucius, upset with this poor behavior, decided to leave Lu.

 

 

The life history of Confucius is legendary, but the very ordinary nature of his story (and his lack of success) lends it credibility.

==Teachings==

[[Image:Confuciustemple.jpg|thumb|250px|Confucian temple in [[Jiading|Jiading district]], [[Shanghai]].]]

 

In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the [[Mandate of Heaven]] that could unify the "world" (i.e., China) and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Therefore, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of [[conservatism]], but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and maybe twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: rulers to be chosen on merit, not parentage, rulers who were devoted to their people, and rulers who reached for [[perfection]]. Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.

One of the deepest teachings of Confucius, one of the hardest to understand from a Western point of view, may have been the superiority of exemplification over explicit rules of [[behavior]]. His [[ethics]] may be considered one of the greatest [[virtue ethics]]. This kind of "indirect" way to achieve a goal is used widely in his teachings by way of [[allusion]]s, [[innuendo]], and even [[Tautology (rhetoric)|tautology]]. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to understand them. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:

 

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[[Κατηγορία:Κομφουκιανισμός|*]]

 

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