Αμβέρσα: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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Γραμμή 92:
Κατά τον 11ο αιώνα ο [[Γοδεφρείδος του Μπουγιόν]] ήταν, επί μερικά χρόνια, γνωστός ως [[μαρκήσιος]] της Αμβέρσας. Τον 12ο αιώνα, ο Άγιος [[Νόρμπερτ του Ξάντεν]] εγκαθίδρυσε μια κοινότητα του ''ordre des chanoines réguliers de Prémontré'' στο αββαείο του Αγίου Μιχαήλ της Αμβέρσας. Στην πόλη εγκαταστάθηκε, επίσης, το επιτελείο του [[Εδουάρδος Γ΄ της Αγγλίας|Εδουάρδου Γ΄]] κατά τις αρχικές διαπραγματεύσεις με τον [[Γιάκομπ φαν Αρτεφέλντε]] και ο γιος του [[Λάιονελ της Αμβέρσας]] 1ος Δούκας του Κλάρενς γεννήθηκε εκεί το 1338.
===16ος αιώνας===
[[File:Osias Beert the Elder - Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb||[[Οσίας Μπέερτ]] ο πρεσβύτερος, εξ Αμβέρσας: ''Πιάτα με στρείδια, φορύτα και κρασί'', περ. 1620/1625]]
Όταν έγιναν προσχώσεις στο [[Ζβιν]], που επέφεραν την παρακμή της [[Μπρυζ]], η Αμβέρσα, τότε τμήμα του Δουκάτου της [[Βραβάντη]]ς, άρχισε να αποκτά σημασία. Στο τέλος του 15ου αιώνα, οι ξένοι εμπορικοί οίκοι άρχισαν να μεταφέρονται από τη Μπρυζ στην Αμβέρσα.
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Antwerp became the sugar capital of Europe, importing the raw commodity from Portuguese and Spanish plantations. The city attracted Italian and German sugar refiners by 1550, and shipped their refined product to Germany, especially Cologne.<ref>Donald J. Harreld, "Atlantic Sugar and Antwerp's Trade with Germany in the Sixteenth Century," ''[[Journal of Early Modern History]]'', 2003, Vol. 7 Issue 1/2, pp 148–163</ref> Moneylenders and financiers did a large business lending money to the English government in 1544–1574. London bankers were too small to operate on that scale, and Antwerp had a highly efficient [[stock exchange|bourse]] that itself attracted rich bankers from around Europe. After the 1570s the city's banking business declined: England ended its borrowing in Antwerp in 1574.<ref>R. B. Ouithwaite, "The Trials of Foreign Borrowing: the English Crown and the Antwerp Money Market in the Mid-Sixteenth Century," ''[[Economic History Review]]'', August 1966, Vol. 19 Issue 2, pp 289–305 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2592253 in JSTOR]</ref>
[[Fernand Braudel]] states that Antwerp became "the centre of the ''entire'' international economy, something Bruges had never been even at its height."<ref>(Braudel 1985 p. 143.)</ref> Antwerp was the richest city in Europe at this time.<ref name="world and its people">{{cite book
|last = Dunton
|first = Larkin
|authorlink =
|title = The World and Its People
|publisher = Silver, Burdett
|series =
|year = 1896
|page = 163}}</ref> Antwerp's [[Golden Age|golden age]] is tightly linked to the "[[Age of Discovery|Age of Exploration]]". During the first half of the 16th century Antwerp grew to become the second-largest European city north of the [[Alps]].{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Many foreign merchants were resident in the city. [[Francesco Guicciardini]], the Venetian envoy, stated that hundreds of ships would pass in a day, and 2,000 carts entered the city each week. Portuguese ships laden with [[black pepper|pepper]] and [[cinnamon]] would unload their cargo. According to Luc-Normand Tellier "It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Americas]]."<ref name="golden age"/>
[[File:Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband Städtebilder G 111 III.jpg|thumb|210px|The [[Sack of Antwerp]] in 1576, in which about 7,000 people died.]]
Without a long-distance merchant fleet, and governed by an oligarchy of banker-aristocrats forbidden to engage in trade, the economy of Antwerp was foreigner-controlled, which made the city very cosmopolitan, with merchants and traders from [[Venice]], [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]], Spain and Portugal. Antwerp had a policy of toleration, which attracted a large Orthodox [[History of the Jews in Antwerp|Jewish]] community.
Antwerp experienced three booms during its golden age: the first based on the pepper market, a second launched by American silver coming from [[Seville]] (ending with the bankruptcy of Spain in 1557), and a third boom, after the stabilising [[Italian War of 1551–1559|Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis]] in 1559, based on the textiles industry. At the beginning of the 16th century Antwerp accounted for 40% of world trade.<ref name="golden age">Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA308 Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective]''". PUQ. p.308. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5</ref> The boom-and-bust cycles and inflationary cost-of-living squeezed less-skilled workers. In the century after 1541, however, the city's economy and population declined dramatically, while rival Amsterdam experienced massive growth.
[[File:Bonaventura Peeters (I) - View of the Pier of Antwerp from the Vlaams Hoofd.jpg|thumb|View of the Pier of Antwerp from the [[Linkeroever|Vlaams Hoofd]]]]
The religious revolution of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] erupted in violent riots in August 1566, as in other parts of the [[Low Countries]]. The regent [[Margaret of Parma|Margaret, Duchess of Parma]], was swept aside when [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] sent the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]] at the head of an army the following summer. When the [[Eighty Years' War]] broke out in 1568, commercial trading between Antwerp and the Spanish port of [[Bilbao]] collapsed and became impossible. On 4 November 1576, Spanish soldiers sacked the city during the so-called [[Sack of Antwerp|Spanish Fury]]: 7,000 citizens were massacred, 800 houses were burnt down, and over £2 million sterling of damage was done.
Subsequently, the city joined the [[Union of Utrecht]] in 1579 and became the capital of the [[Dutch Revolt|Dutch revolt]]. In 1585, [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza]], captured it after a [[Fall of Antwerp (1584–1585)|long siege]] and as part of the terms of surrender its [[Protestantism|Protestant]] citizens were given two years to settle their affairs before quitting the city.<ref>Boxer Charles Ralph, ''The Dutch seaborne empire, 1600–1800'', p. 18, Taylor & Francis, 1977 ISBN 0-09-131051-2, ISBN 978-0-09-131051-6
[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx4OAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA18&ots=SlccMb5Lje&dq=Antwerp%20surrender%20Protestant&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=Antwerp%20surrender%20Protestant&f=false Google books]</ref> Most went to the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] in the north, starting the [[Dutch Golden Age]]. Antwerp's banking was controlled for a generation by [[Genoa]], and [[Amsterdam]] became the new trading centre.
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