Μαρία φαν Οοστερβάικ: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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Νέα σελίδα: {{σε χρήση}} {{πληροφορίες καλλιτέχνη}} Η '''Μαρία φαν Οοστερβάικ''' (ολλανδικά: '...
 
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==Βιογραφία και έργο==
Η Μαρία φαν Οοστερβάικ γεννήθηκε το 1630 στο [[Νόοτντορπ]], κωμόπολη κοντά; στο [[Ντελφτ]] της Νότιας Ολλανδίας.<ref name="cam"/> Ως ημερομηνία γέννησής της αναγράφεται εν γένει η 20ή Αυγούστου,<ref name="vig109"/> αλλά ορισμένες πηγές αναφέρουν και την 27η Αυγούστου. Ο πατέρας της ήταν εφημέριος της Αναμορφωμένης Ολλανδικής Εκκλησίας, όπως και ο παππούς της.<ref name="ber524"/> Όταν ήταν πολύ μικρή, ο πατέρας της την πήγε στο εργαστήριο του [[Γιαν Ντάβιντσζοον ντε Χέιμ]]. Υπό την επιρροή του, η φαν Οοστερβάικ ανακάλυψε το ενδιαφέρον της για τη ζωγραφική ανθέων.<ref name="vig109"/> Έγινε μαθήτριά του<ref name="cam"/> αποκαλύπτοντας το ταλέντο της να απεικονίζει ζωηρά ρεαλιστικούς πίνακες.<ref name="vig109"/>
[[File:Maria van Oosterwijck - Flower Still Life - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|''FlowerΝεκρή Stillφύση Lifeμε άνθη'', 1669, CincinnatiΜουσείο ArtΤέχνης MuseumΣινσινάττι]]
Η φαν Οοστερβάικ αρχικά εργάστηκε στο Ντελφτ, αλλά αργότερα μετοίκησε στην [[Ουτρέχτη]].<ref name="rkd"/> Εργάστηκε με τον ντε Χέιμ και ύστερα από μερικά χρόνια δημιούργησε τον πρώτο της επαγγελματικό πίνακα, τον οποίο είχε ζωγραφίσει μόνη της. Όταν ο ντε Χέιμ μετοίκησε στην [[Αμβέρσα]], η φαν Οοστερβάικ είχε τη μεγάλη ευκαιρία να εργαστεί ως ανεξάρτητη ζωγράφος.<ref name="vig109"/>
 
Κάπου στις αρχές ή στα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 1670 μετοίκησε στο [[Άμστερνταμ]],<ref name="ber524"/> με το εργαστήριό της να βρίσκεται απέναντι από του συναδέλφου της, επίσης ζωγράφου ανθέων, [[Βίλλεμ φαν Ελστ]].<ref name="rkd"/> Ο φαν Ελστ τη ζήτησε σε γάμο, αλλά αυτή αρνήθηκε, με αποτέλεσμα αυτός να σταματήσει να την πολιορκεί, καθώς η αφοσίωσή της στη ζωγραφική ήταν γι' αυτήν περισσότερο σημαντική.<ref name="cam"/><ref name="dam"/> Η φαν Οοστερβάικ παρέμεινε ανύπαντρη σε όλη της τη ζωή, αλλά μεγάλωσε τον ανεψιό της, ο οποίος είχε μείνει ορφανός.<ref name="ber524"/>
 
Εκτός από ταλαντούχα ζωγράφος ήταν και πρακτική επιχειρηματίας: Μίσθωσε τις υπηρεσίες ενός ατζέντη στο Άμστερνταμ για να πωλήσει πίνακές της σε Γερμανούς.<ref name="cam"/> Ανάμεσα στους πάτρονές της συγκαταλέγονται ο [[Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ΄ της Γαλλίας]], ο [[Λεοπόλδος Α΄ της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας]], ο [[Αύγουστος Β΄ ο Ισχυρός]]<ref name="bai"/> και ο [[Γουλιέλμος Γ΄ της Αγγλίας]]<ref name="dam"/> Πώλησε τρεις πίνακές της στον βασιλέα της [[Πολωνία]]ς.<ref name="hou"/> Παρά το γεγονός ότι ήταν επιδεξιότατη ζωγράφος και τα έργα της ήταν περιζήτητα εντός και εκτός Ολλανδίας, δεν έγινε δεκτή στη [[Συντεχνία του Αγίου Λουκά|Συντεχνία των ζωγράφων]], καθώς απαγορευόταν η συμμετοχή των γυναικών.<ref name="cam"/>
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[[File:Still Life with Flowers in a Decorative Vase, Oosterwijck.jpg|thumb|''StillΝεκρή Lifeφύση withμε Flowersάνθη inσε aδιακοσμητικό Decorative Vaseβάζο'', ccπερ. 1670–1675, [[Mauritshuis]]]]
Ελάχιστες ήταν οι γυναίκες επαγγελματίες καλλιτέχνιδες τον 17ο αιώνα.<ref name="dam"/>
 
==Life and work==
Maria van Oosterwijck was born in 1630 in [[Nootdorp]], a town located near [[Delft]] in [[South Holland]], the [[Netherlands]].<ref name="cam"/> Her date of birth is generally listed as 20 August,<ref name="vig109"/> but some sources state that it was 27 August. Her father was a [[Dutch Reformed Church]] minister, as was her grandfather.<ref name="ber524"/> Her father took her, when she was quite young, to masterful still life painter [[Jan Davidsz. de Heem]]'s studio. With de Heem's influence, van Oosterwijck developed her interest in floral painting.<ref name="vig109"/> She became his student,<ref name="cam"/> and she showed herself to have a talent for vividly painting realistic creations.<ref name="vig109"/>
 
[[File:Maria van Oosterwijck - Flower Still Life - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|''Flower Still Life'', 1669, Cincinnati Art Museum]]
 
Van Oosterwijck initially worked in Delft and later moved to Utrecht.<ref name="rkd"/> She worked with de Heem, and years later she produced her first professional piece which had been created independently. When de Heem moved to [[Antwerp]], van Oosterwijck had ample opportunity for independent painting.<ref name="vig109"/>
 
Very few women were professional artists during the 1600s.<ref name="dam"/> !--In a 2004 book on [[Dutch Golden Age painting]]s by art historian [[Christopher Lloyd (art historian)|Christopher Lloyd]], van Oosterwijck was the only woman whose work was included.<ref name="bai"/> Early writers tended to depict female artists by correlating virtues which were traditionally held by women with similar values gleaned from interpretation of their paintings. Van Oosterwijck, who devoted her life to her painting rather than being a wife and mother, proved a challenging subject for these writers, and their accounts may not portray her as a fully formed personality. The more personal aspects of her paintings were also largely unexplored. This is in contrast to [[Rachel Ruysch]] (1664–1750), who was married and had ten children, and was written about in very personable and glowing terms.<ref name="ber527"/>
Sometime in the early- to mid-1670s, she moved to [[Amsterdam]],<ref name="ber524"/> where her studio was opposite the workshop of fellow flower painter [[Willem van Aelst]].<ref name="rkd"/> Van Aelst courted her, but she refused his hand, and he reportedly stopped pursuing her because her devotion to painting was more important to her.<ref name="cam"/><ref name="dam"/> Van Oosterwijck remained single throughout her life, but she raised her nephew, who had been orphaned.<ref name="ber524"/>
 
In addition to being a talented painter, she was also a savvy businesswoman; she obtained the services of an agent in Amsterdam to market her pieces to Germans.<ref name="cam"/> Among her patrons were [[Louis XIV of France]], the [[Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I]], [[Augustus II the Strong]],<ref name="bai"/> and [[William III of England]];<ref name="dam"/> she sold three pieces to the [[King of Poland]].<ref name="hou"/> Despite the fact that her skillfully executed paintings of flowers were sought out by Dutch and other collectors, she was denied membership in the [[painters' guild]], because women were not allowed to join.<ref name="cam"/>
 
[[File:Still Life with Flowers in a Decorative Vase, Oosterwijck.jpg|thumb|''Still Life with Flowers in a Decorative Vase'', c. 1670–1675, Mauritshuis]]
 
Very few women were professional artists during the 1600s.<ref name="dam"/> In a 2004 book on [[Dutch Golden Age painting]]s by art historian [[Christopher Lloyd (art historian)|Christopher Lloyd]], van Oosterwijck was the only woman whose work was included.<ref name="bai"/> Early writers tended to depict female artists by correlating virtues which were traditionally held by women with similar values gleaned from interpretation of their paintings. Van Oosterwijck, who devoted her life to her painting rather than being a wife and mother, proved a challenging subject for these writers, and their accounts may not portray her as a fully formed personality. The more personal aspects of her paintings were also largely unexplored. This is in contrast to [[Rachel Ruysch]] (1664–1750), who was married and had ten children, and was written about in very personable and glowing terms.<ref name="ber527"/>
 
As an homage to van Oosterwijck's skill as a floral painter&nbsp;– considered an acceptable vocation for a woman of the time&nbsp;– [[Wallerant Vaillant]] painted a portrait of her holding a [[Palette (painting)|palette]].<ref name="sch"/> This 1671 portrait, in Amsterdam's [[Rijksmuseum]], shows her holding a Bible in her other hand.<ref name="ber528"/> Another portrait of her, attributed to [[Gerard de Lairesse]], features her posing with poet Dirk Schelte. In 1673, Schelte had written a poem in tribute to the beauty of van Oosterwijck's paintings, as well as that of her character. The portrait appears to reference the poem, picturing van Oosterwijck, with palette and brushes, as a painter-muse, serving as an inspiration to Schelte the poet.<ref name="ber527"/>