Republic F-84 Thunderjet: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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The '''[[Republic Aviation Company]] F-84 Thunderjet''' was an [[United States|American]]-built [[turbojet]] fighter-bomber aircraft. Originating as a 1944 [[United States Air Force]] proposal for a daytime fighter, the F-84 flew in 1946. Although it entered service in 1947, the Thunderjet was plagued by so many structural and engine problems that a 1948 Air Force review declared it unable to execute any aspect of its intended mission and considered cancelling the program. The aircraft was not considered fully operational until the 1949 F-84D model and the design matured only with the definitive F-84G introduced in 1951. In 1954, the straight-wing Thunderjet was joined by the swept-wing '''F-84F Thunderstreak''' fighter and '''RF-84F Thunderflash''' [[photo reconnaissance]] aircraft.
The [[USAF]] [[Strategic Air Command]] had F-84 Thunderjets (F-84s and RF-84s) in service from 1948 through 1957.
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F-84s were assigned to the [[27th Fighter Wing]], 27th Fighter Escort Wing, 27th Strategic Fighter Wing, 31st Fighter Escort Wing, 127th Fighter Day Wing, 127th Fighter Escort Wing, 127th
Strategic Fighter Wing, 407th Strategic Fighter Wing and the 506th Strategic Fighter Wing of the [[Strategic Air Command]] from 1947 through 1958.<ref name="McLaren">McLaren, David. ''Republic F-84 Thunderjet, Thunderstreak & Thunderflash: A Photo Chronicle''. New York: Schiffer Military/Aviation History, 1998. ISBN 0-7643-0444-5.</ref>
==Operational history==
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===Flying the Thunderjet===
Typical of most early jets, the Thunderjet's takeoff performance left much to be desired. In hot Korean summers with a full combat load, the aircraft routinely required 10,000 feet (3,050 m) of runway for takeoff even with the help of [[JATO|RATO]] bottles (two or four of these were carried, each producing 1,000 pound-force (4.45 kN) of thrust for 14 seconds).<ref name="knaack"/> All but the lead aircraft had their visibility obscured by the thick smoke from the rockets. Early F-84s had to be pulled off the ground at 140 knots (160 mph, 260 km/h) with the control stick held in the rearmost position. Landings happened at a similar speed (for comparison, the [[P-51 Mustang]] landed at approximately 100 knots (120 mph, 190 km/h)). Despite the "hot" landing speeds, the Thunderjet was easy to fly on instruments and crosswinds did not present much of a problem.<ref name="Higham">Higham, R. and Williams, C. ''Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol.1)''. Rockville, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1975. ISBN 0-8138-0325-X.</ref>
Thanks to the thick straight wing, the Thunderjet, which was otherwise blessed with good aerodynamics, rapidly reached its [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.82 limitation at full throttle and low altitude. The aircraft had sufficient power to fly faster but exceeding the Mach limit at low altitudes resulted in a violent pitch-up and structural failure causing the wings to fall off.<ref name="Higham"/> Above 15,000 feet (4,600 m), the F-84 could be flown faster but at the expense of severe buffeting. Fortunately, the airspeed was sufficiently easy control to make safe dive bombing from 10,000 feet (3,000 m) possible.<ref name="Higham"/> The top speed limitation proved troublesome against Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15]]s in Korea. Slower than the MiG, the F-84 was also unable to turn tightly with a maximum instantaneous-turn load of only 3 Gs followed by rapid loss of airspeed. One F-84E pilot credited with two MiG kills achieved his second victory by intentionally flying his aircraft into pitch-up.<ref name="Higham"/> The MiGs chasing him were unable to follow the violent maneuver and one crashed into the ground. Luckily for the pilot, the aircraft did not disintegrate but the airframe did suffer heavy warping. The F-84 was a stable gun platform and the computing gunsight aided in accurate gunnery and bombing. Pilots praised the aircraft for Republic's legendary ruggedness.<ref name="Higham"/>
Pilots nicknamed the Thunderjet "The Lead Sled."<ref name="McLaren"
===Thunderstreak/Thunderflash===
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===Flying the Thunderstreak===
The Thunderstreak suffered from the same poor takeoff performance as the straight-wing Thunderjets in spite of having a more powerful engine. In reality, almost 700 pound-force (3.11 kN) or 10 percent of total thrust was lost because the J65 was installed at an angle and its exhaust had a prominent kink. On a hot day, 7,500 feet (2,285 m) of runway were required for takeoff roll.<ref name="Higham2">Higham, R. and Williams, C. ''Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol.2)''. Rockville, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1978. ISBN 0-8138-0375-6.</ref> A typical takeoff speed was 160 knots (185 mph, 300 km/h).<ref name="Higham2"/> Like the Thunderjet, the Thunderstreak excelled at cruise and had predictable handling characteristics within its performance envelope. Like its predecessor, it also suffered from accelerated stall pitch-up and potential resulting separation of wings from the airplane. In addition, spins in the F-84F were practically unrecoverable and ejection was the only recourse below 10,000 feet (3,000 m).<ref name="Higham2"/>
With the appearance of the [[F-105 Thunderchief]], the Thunderstreak became known as the '''Thud's Mother'''.<ref name="Higham2"/>
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''The costs are in approximately 1950 [[United States dollar]]s and have not been adjusted for inflation.''<ref name="knaack"/>
<!-- Approximately an eight-fold increase from 1950 to 2005 -->
{|class="
!||F-84B||F-84C||F-84D||F-84E||F-84G||F-84F||RF-84F
|-
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[[Image:XF-84H.jpg|thumb|250px|XF-84H Thunderscreech prototype.]]
;XP-84:The first two prototypes.
;XP-84A:The third prototype with a more powerful J35-GE-15 engine.
;YP-84A:Service test aircraft; 15 built.
;P-84B (F-84B):
;EF-84B:Two F-84Bs converted into parasite fighters to be attached to the wingtips of an ETB-29 bomber as part of [[FICON project|Project Tom-Tom]].
;F-84C:Reverted to the more reliable J35-A-13 engine, improved fuel, hydraulic and electrical systems; 191 built.
;F-84D:J35-A-17 engine, various structural improvements. The [[pitot tube]] was moved from the tail fin to the splitter in the air intake with fins added to the wingtip fuel tanks; 154 built.
;F-84E:J35-A-17D engine, [[Sperry Corporation|Sperry]] [[AN/APG-30]] radar-ranging gunsight, fuselage stretched 12 in (30 cm) to enlarge the cockpit, retractable attachements for [[JATO|RATO]] bottles, inboard wing hardpoints made "wet" to permit carrying an additional pair of 230 US gal (885 L) fuel tanks. Can be distinguished from earlier models by the presence of two fuel vents on ventral rear fuselage. Most aircraft were retrofitted with F-84G-style reinforced canopies; 843 built.
;EF-84E:Two F-84Es were converted into test prototypes, to test various methods of air-to-air refuelling.
[[Image:020903-o-9999j-028.jpg|right|thumb|250px|RF-84 "Thunderflash" flies a training mission.]]
;F-84F Thunderstreak:[[Swept wing]] version initially designated '''F-96'''. [[Wright J65]] engine, [[Tactical Air Command]] aircraft were equipped with Low-Altitude Bombing System (LABS) for delivering nuclear bombs. 2,711 built, 1,301 went to [[NATO]] under [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act|Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP)]].
;GRF-84F:25 RF-84Fs were converted to be carried, and launched from the bomb-bay of a GRB-36F bomber as part of the [[FICON project]]. The aircraft were later redesignated '''RF-84K'''.
;RF-84F Thunderflash:Reconnaissance version of the F-84F, 715 built.
;YF-84F:Two swept-wing prototypes of the F-84F.
;F-84G:Single-seat fighter-bomber capable of delivering the [[Mark 7 nuclear bomb]] using the LABS, J35-A-29 engine, autopilot, capable of in-flight refueling using both the boom (receptacle in left wing leading edge) and drogue (probe fitted to wingtip fuel tanks), introduced the multi-framed canopy which was later retrofitted to earlier straight-winged F-84s. 3,025 built (1,936 for [[NATO]] under MDAP).
;EF-84G:[[Zero length launch]] version for point defense, used the booster rocket from [[MGM-1 Matador]] cruise missile, did not enter production.
;XF-84H:Two F-84Fs were converted into experimental aircraft. Each was fitted with a [[Allison T40|Allison XT40-A-1]] [[turboprop]] engine of 5,850 shaft horsepower (4,365 kW) driving a [[supersonic]] propeller. Ground crews dubbed the XF-84H, the '''Thunderscreech''' due to its extreme noise level.<ref name="knaack"/>
;YF-84J:Two F-84Fs were converted into YF-84J prototypes with enlarged nose intakes and a deepened fuselages for the [[General Electric J73]] engine; the YF-84J reached Mach 1.09 in level flight on [[7 April]] [[1954]].<ref name="knaack"/> The project was cancelled due to the excessive cost of conversion of existing F-84Fs.
;F-84KX:80 ex-USAF F-84Bs converted into target drones for the [[United States Navy]].
==Operators==
[[Image:Thunderstreak-P-191.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] F-84F]]
* [[Belgium]]
* [[France]]
* [[Denmark]]
* [[Germany]]
* [[Greece]]
* [[Iran]]
* [[Italy]]
* [[Netherlands]]
* [[Norway]]
* [[Portugal]]
* [[Republic of China]]
* [[Thailand]]
* [[Turkey]]
*
** [[United States Air Force]]
* [[Yugoslavia
==Specifications (F-84G Thunderjet)==
[[Image:Republic F-84F Thunderstreak 3-view.png|right|300px|Orthographically projected diagram of the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak.]]
{{aircraft specifications
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
<!-- please answer the following questions -->
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=jet
|ref=<ref name="knaack"/>
<!-- Now, fill out the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses).
If an item doesn't apply, like capacity, leave it blank. For additional lines, end your alt units with a right parenthesis ")" and start a new, fully-formatted line beginnig with an asterisk "*" -->
|crew=1
|length main=38 ft 1 in
|length alt=11.60 m
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|empty weight alt=5,200 kg
|loaded weight main=18,080 lb
|loaded weight alt=8,200 kg
|max takeoff weight main=23,340 lb
|max takeoff weight alt=10,585 kg
|engine (jet)=[[Allison J35]]-A-29
|type of jet=[[turbojet]]
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|thrust main=5,560 lbf
|thrust alt=24.89 kN
|max speed main=622 mph
|max speed alt=540 knots, 1,000 km/h
|cruise speed main=475 mph
|cruise speed alt=413 knots, 770 km/h
|range main=1,000 mi
|range alt=870 nm, 1,600
|range more=combat
|ferry range main=2,000 mi
|ferry range alt=1,700 nm, 3,200 km
|ferry range more=with external tanks
|ceiling main=40,500 ft
|ceiling alt=12,350 m
Γραμμή 216 ⟶ 210 :
|loading alt=342 kg/m²
|thrust/weight=0.31
|hardpoint capacity=4,450 lb (2,020 kg)
|hardpoints=4
|hardpoint bombs=<br/>
** Free-fall bombs ''or''
** 1× [[Mark 7 nuclear bomb]]
|hardpoint rockets=8× 5 in (127 mm) rockets
|hardpoint other='''Other:''' Fuel tanks
|avionics=
*A-1CM or A-4 gunsight with APG-30 or MK-18 ranging radar
}}
==References==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags, and the template below-->
{{reflist}}
*Bowers, PM, Angellucci, E. ''The American Fighter''. New York: Orion Books, 1987. ISBN 0-517-56588-9.
*Donald, David and Lake, Jan, eds. ''Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft''. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-880588-24-2.
*Forrer, F.''The Fun of Flying''. Hollands Glory, 1992 ISBN 0-9714490-3-1.
*Keaveney, K. ''Republic F-84/Swept-Wing Variants (Aerofax Minigraph, No 15)''. London: Aerofax. 1987. ISBN 0-942548-20-5.
*Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter. ''United States Military Aircraft Since 1909''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1989. ISBN 0-87474-880-1.
*Wagner, Ray. ''American Combat Planes, Third Enlarged Edition''. New York: Doubleday, 1982. ISBN 0-385-13120-8.
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