Λοφοτροχόζωα: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

Τα '''λοφοτροχόζωα''' (επιστημονική-[[Λατινική γλώσσα|λατινική]] ονομασία ''Lophotrochozoa'') είναι κλάδος των [[Αμφίπλευρα|αμφίπλευρων]] [[Ευμετάζωα|ευμετάζωων]], δηλαδή των πιο εξελιγμένων ζώων. Αναγνωρίσθηκε και υιοθετήθηκε σχετικώς πρόσφατα από τους βιολόγους με βάση μοριακά δεδομένα ([[DNA]] και [[RNA]]) ως μια [[Κλάδος|μονοφυλετική ομάδα]], δηλαδή μια ομάδα που αποτελείται από έναν κοινό πρόγονο και όλους τους απογόνους του.<ref name="18S-1995">{{cite journal |author= Halanych, K.M., Bacheller, J., Liva, S., Aguinaldo, A.A., Hillis, D.M. και Lake, J.A. |date= 17 March 1995 |title= 18S rDNA evidence that the Lophophorates are Protostome Animals |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-03-17_267_5204/page/1641 |journal=Science |volume=267 |issue=5204 |pages=1641-1643 |doi= 10.1126/science.7886451 |pmid=7886451|s2cid=12196991 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hervé |first1=Philippe |last2=Lartillot |first2=Nicolas |last3=Brinkmann |first3=Henner |date= Μάιος 2005 |title= Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2005-05_22_5/page/1246 |journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1246-1253 |doi= 10.1093/molbev/msi111 |pmid=15703236 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Περιλαμβάνει σημαντικές [[Συνομοταξία|συνομοταξίες]] όντων, ιδίως τα [[μαλάκια]] και τους [[δακτυλιοσκώληκες]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Halanych |first=K.M. |title= Lophotrochozoa, Diversification of |date=2016-01-01 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000496002729 |encyclopedia= Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology |pages=405-408 |editor-last=Kliman |editor-first= Richard M. |place=Οξφόρδη |publisher= Academic Press |doi= 10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00272-9 |isbn=978-0-12-800426-5 |access-date=2021-02-14}}</ref>

Μια ταξινομική των ζώντων σήμερα υποομάδων των λοφοτροχόζωων είναι η εξής, παρά το ότι κάποιες μελέτες υποδεικνύουν αρκετές άλλες εναλλακτικές δυνατότητες<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paps |first1=Jordi |last2=Baguñà |first2=Jaum |last3=Riutort |first3=Marta |date=2009-10-01 |title= Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2009-10_26_10/page/2397 |journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages= 2397-2406 |doi= 10.1093/molbev/msp150 |pmid=19602542 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Struck |first1= Torsten H. |last2=Schult |first2=Nancy |last3=Kusen |first3=Tiffany |last4=Hickman |first4=Emily |last5=Bleidorn |first5=Christoph |last6=McHugh |first6=Damhnait |last7=Halanych |first7= Kenneth M. |title= Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura |journal= BMC Evolutionary Biology |date= 5 April 2007 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57 |doi= 10.1186/1471-2148-7-57 |pmid=17411434 |pmc=1855331 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hausdorf |first1=Bernhard |last2=Helmkampf |first2=Martin |last3=Meyer |first3=Achim |last4=Witek |first4=Alexander |last5=Herlyn |first5=Holger |last6=Bruchhaus |first6=Iris |last7=Hankeln |first7=Thomas |last8=Struck |first8= Torsten H. |last9=Lieb |first9=Bernhard |date=2007-12-01 |title= Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2007-12_24_12/page/2723 |journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=2723-2729 |doi= 10.1093/molbev/msm214 |pmid=17921486 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Struck |first1= Torsten H. |last2=Wey-Fabrizius |first2= Alexandra R. |last3=Golombek |first3=Anja |last4=Hering |first4=Lars |last5=Weigert |first5=Anne |last6=Bleidorn |first6=Christoph |last7=Klebow |first7=Sabrina |last8=Iakovenko |first8=Nataliia |last9=Hausdorf |first9=Bernhard |last10=Petersen |first10=Malte |last11=Kück |first11=Patrick |last12=Herlyn |first12=Holger |last13=Hankeln |first13=Thomas |title= Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia |journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution |date= Ιούλιος 2014 |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1833-1849 |doi= 10.1093/molbev/msu143 |pmid=24748651 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=cycliophorans |url= http://eol.org/pages/1922/details |website= Encyclopedia of Life }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Tsai-Ming |last2=Kanda |first2=Miyuki |last3=Satoh |first3=Noriyuki |last4=Furuya |first4=Hidetaka |title= The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution |journal= Zoological Letters |date= 29 May 2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi= 10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5 |pmid=28560048 |pmc=5447306 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Temereva |first1= Elena N. |last2=Kuzmina |first2= Tatyana V. |title= The first data on the innervation of the lophophore in the rhynchonelliform brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea: what is the ground pattern of the lophophore in lophophorates? |journal= BMC Evolutionary Biology |date= 31 July 2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=172 |doi= 10.1186/s12862-017-1029-5 |pmid=28760135 |pmc=5537927 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Yi-Jyun |last2=Kanda |first2=Miyuki |last3=Koyanagi |first3=Ryo |last4=Hisata |first4=Kanako |last5=Akiyama |first5=Tadashi |last6=Sakamoto |first6=Hirotaka |last7=Sakamoto |first7=Tatsuya |last8=Satoh |first8=Noriyuki |title= Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads |journal= Nature Ecology & Evolution |date= 4 December 2017 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=141-151 |doi= 10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y |pmid=29203924 |doi-access=free }}</ref>: