Εξωαισθητηριακή αντίληψη

Εξωαισθητηριακή αντίληψη (extrasensory perception) ή τηλαισθησία (ή κρυπταισθησία) ονομάζεται στην Παραψυχολογία η υποτιθέμενη ικανότητα «παρ’ αίσθησιν» αντίληψης ενός αντικειμένου, ενός γεγονότος ή μιας διανοητικής κατάστασης ενός άλλου ατόμου χωρίς διέγερση των μέχρι σήμερα γνωστών αισθήσεων και πέρα από κάθε δυνατό λογικό συμπέρασμα. Οι πιο φημισμένες έρευνες πάνω σε παραψυχολογικά φαινόμενα θεωρούνται τα πειράματα του J.B. Rhine του Πανεπιστημίου του Duke (Durham της Βόρειας Καρολίνας των Η.Π.Α.). Τα πειράματα του Rhine έχουν θεωρηθεί μη αξιόπιστα από την επιστημονική κοινότητα.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Η εξωαισθητηριακή αντίληψη είναι επίσης άμεσα συνδεόμενη με τον όρο της προμνησίας είναι η ιδέα ότι κάποιος έχει προβλέψει κάτι που θα γίνει στο μέλλον συνήθως με τη μορφή ονείρου. Για παράδειγμα μπορεί κανείς να ονειρεύεται ότι βλέπει 2 άτομα και την επόμενη ημέρα τα βλέπει στην πραγματικότητα.

Παραπομπές

↑ Harold Gulliksen. (1938). Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623–634. "Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back."
↑ Wynn, Charles M; Wiggins, Arthur W. (2001). Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156. (ISBN 978-0-309-07309-7) "In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book, Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the tester’s eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the tester’s facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections."
↑ Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 122. (ISBN 1-57392-979-4) "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."
↑ Smith, Jonathan C. (2009). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. Wiley-Blackwell. (ISBN 978-1405181228). "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."

Βιβλιογραφία

Georges Charpak, Henri Broch, and Bart K. Holland (2004). Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and Other Pseudoscience. Johns Hopkins University. (ISBN 0-8018-7867-5).
Milbourne Christopher (1970). ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really Is. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. (ISBN 0-690-26815-7)
Henry Gordon (1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan of Canada. (ISBN 0-7715-9539-5).
Donald O. Hebb (1980). "Extrasensory Perception: A Problem". In Essays on Mind. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (ISBN 978-0-898-59017-3).
Paul Kurtz (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. (ISBN 0-87975-300-5).
Russell Targ (2012). The Reality of ESP: a physicist's proof of psychic abilities. Quest Books. (ISBN 978-0-8356-0884-8).
Richard Wiseman. (1997). Deception and Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Press. (ISBN 978-1-57392-121-3).
Τσιτσίγκος Σ. Κ., «Αντίληψη», Μεγάλη Ορθόδοξη Χριστιανική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια, τ. Β’
Τσιτσίγκος Σ. Κ., Θέματα Ψυχολογίας τής Θρησκείας, Θεσσαλονίκη 2007.

Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι

[1] Harold Gulliksen. (1938). Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623–634. "Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back."

[2] Wynn, Charles M; Wiggins, Arthur W. (2001). Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156. (ISBN 978-0-309-07309-7) "In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book, Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the tester’s eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the tester’s facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections."

[3] Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 122. (ISBN 1-57392-979-4) "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."

[4] Smith, Jonathan C. (2009). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. Wiley-Blackwell. (ISBN 978-1405181228). "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."

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