Κουμάνοι: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

Οι '''Κουμάνοι''' ([[Τουρκική γλώσσα|Τουρκικά]]: ''kuman / πληθ. kumanlar''<ref>{{cite book|last=Loewenthal|first=Rudolf|title=The Turkic Languages and Literatures of Central Asia: A Bibliography |publisher=Mouton|year=1957|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M6cSAAAAIAAJ&q=turkic+kumanlar&dq=turkic+kumanlar&lr=&hl=en&pgis=1|accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref> [[Ουγγρική γλώσσα|Ουγγρικά]] kun / πληθ. kunok<ref name="eb">Encyclopædia Britannica Online - [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028174/Cuman ''Cuman'']</ref> [[Ελληνική γλώσσα|Ελληνικά]] Κο(υ)μάνοι<ref>[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]], σ. 563</ref> ήταν [[Τούρκοι|τουρκικός]]<ref name="eb"/><ref>Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire.' Its Origin and History to 1204" ''Speculum'', Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179; "Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes..."</ref><ref>Bartusis, Mark C., ''The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 26; "Around 1239 a large group of Cumans--a Turkic people of the steppes...."</ref><ref name="spinei_rom">{{cite book|last=Spinei|first=Victor|title=The Romanians and the Turkic nomads north of the Danube Delta from the tenth to the mid-thirteenth century |place=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2009|page=116 }}</ref> νομαδικός λαός, ο δυτικός κλάδος της συνομοσπονδίας Κουμάν-[[Κιπτσάκ]]. Μετά την επιδρομή των Μογγόλων στη Ρως (1237), πολλοί αναζήτησαν [[άσυλο]] στην [[Ουγγαρία]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146369/Cuman |title=Cuman (people) | work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |date= |accessdate=2011-04-13}}</ref> και στη [[Βουλγαρία]]. Άλλοι ερευνητέςαναφέρουν ότι οι Κουμάνοι ήταν ευπρόσδεκτοι στην Ουγγαρία πριν τη μογγολική επιδρομή<ref name="goliath.ecnext.com">http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5359391/Mitochondrial-DNA-of-ancient-Cumanians.html</ref>.

 

 

The Cumans were nomadic warriors of the [[Eurasia]]n [[steppe]] who exerted an enduring impact on the medieval Balkans. The basic instrument of Cuman political success was military force, which dominated each of the warring Balkan factions. Groups of the Cumans settled and mingled with the local population in regions of the Balkans. Arguments have been brought forward which state that the name of three successive Bulgarian dynasties ([[Asenids]], [[Terterids]], and [[Shishman dynasty|Shishmanids]]) and the founding Wallachian dynasty ([[Basarabids]]) are of Cuman origin.<ref name="István Vásáry 2005"/><ref name="Radvan">Laurențiu Rădvan, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0xNYmFwyCdkC&pg=PA129&dq=Basarab+Cuman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9JSlT-SsGIm_8AOwsfjuBA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Basarab%20Cuman&f=false ''At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities''], BRILL, 2010, p. 129</ref> But, in the cases of the Basarab and Asenid dynasties, medieval documents refer to them as [[Vlach]] ([[Romania]]n) dynasties.<ref>For example: "Bazarab infidelis Olahus noster", "Basarab Olacus et filii eiusdem", "Bazarab filium Thocomerius scismaticum olachis nostris". http://www.arcanum.hu/mol/lpext.dll/fejer/152e/153a/1654?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0</ref><ref>István Vásáry (2005) ''Cumans and Tatars'', Cambridge University Press, p. 40: "No serious argument can be put forward in support of the Assenids' Bulgarian or Russian origin. Moreover, a Cuman name by itself cannot prove that its bearer was undoubtedly Cuman. Asen's Turkic name must be reconciled with the fact that the sources unanimously testify to his being Vlach."</ref><ref>Stephenson, Paul. ''Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204'', Cambridge University Press, 2000</ref> They played an active role in Byzantium, Hungary, and Serbia, with Cuman immigrants being integrated into each country's elite.