Χαλοουίν: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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πλήρης επιμέλεια από αγγλικά
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Γραμμή 7:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|title=Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?|last=Döring|first=Dr. Volkskundler Alois|year=2011|publisher=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]]|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614110611/http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|archive-date=14 June 2011|quote=Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml|title=All Hallows' Eve|date=20 October 2011|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|language=en|quote=However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Αν και για αιώνες ο εορτασμός του Χαλογουίν ήταν περιορισμένος μόνο στην Ιρλανδία και τη Σκωτία, τον 19ο αιώνα Ιρλανδοί και Σκωτσέζοι μετανάστες μετέφεραν τον εορτασμό του Χάλογοουιν στην Βόρεια Αμερική,<ref name="rogers_nw" /><ref name="Brunvand, Jan 2006. p.749">Brunvand, Jan (editor). ''American Folklore: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2006. p.749</ref> ενώ από τα τέλη του 20ού αιώνα και τις αρχές του 21ου αιώνα λόγω της αμερικανικής επιρροής ο εορτασμός του Χάλογουιν έχει επεκταθεί και σε χώρες που δεν έχουν καμία σχέση με τον αγγλοσαξωνικό κόσμο.<ref name="Colavito, Jason 2007. pp.151">Colavito, Jason. ''Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre''. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152</ref><ref name="rogers_m" />
 
Στο Χάλογουιν, τα παιδιά ντύνονται σε κάτι «τρομακτικό» και επισκέπτονται σπίτια μαζεύοντας πολλά γλυκά, γνωστό ως «trick or treat» ή «φάρσα ή κέρασμα». Επίσης, η κολοκύθα αποτελεί σύμβολο της εορτής. Ακόμη, οι άνθρωποι κάνουν πλάκες, ανάβουν φωτιές, βλέπουν ταινίες με σχετική θεματολογία ή επισκέπτονται "στοιχειωμένα" αξιοθέατα.<ref name="Fieldhouse2017p256">{{cite book|title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions|author=Paul Fieldhouse|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-61069-412-4|date=17 April 2017|page=256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256}}</ref>

Για κάποιους ανθρώπους, το Χάλογουιν έχει θρησκευτική σημασία. Μεταξύ άλλων, κάποιοι συμμετέχουν σε λειτουργίες και ανάβουν κεριά στα μνήματα των συγγενών τους,<ref name="Skog2008">{{cite book|title=Teens in Finland|first=Jason|last=Skog|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-3405-9|year=2008|page=31|quote=Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow's Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as ''valomeri'', or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chapel.duke.edu/sites/default/files/AllHallows2012.pdf|title=All Hallows Eve Service|date=31 October 2012|publisher=[[Duke University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005183350/https://chapel.duke.edu/sites/default/files/AllHallows2012.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=dead|quote=About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=5 May 2009|title=The Christian Observances of Halloween|journal=National Republic|volume=15|page=33|quote=Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the "All Hallow's Eve" festival.}}</ref> αν και για άλλους, το Χάλογουιν αποτελεί μια εορτή χωρίς θρησκευτικό περιεχόμενο.<ref name="Hynes1993">{{cite book|title=Companion to the Calendar|first=Mary Ellen|last=Hynes|publisher=Liturgy Training Publications|isbn=978-1-56854-011-5|year=1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/160 160]|url=https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/160|quote=In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church's traditions are lost or confused.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cranstononline.com/stories/not-so-spooky-after-all-the-roots-of-halloween-are-tamer-than-you-think,86934?print=1|title=Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think|last=Kernan|first=Joe|date=30 October 2013|work=[[Beacon Communications (publisher)|Cranston Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126163657/http://cranstononline.com/stories/not-so-spooky-after-all-the-roots-of-halloween-are-tamer-than-you-think,86934?print=1|archive-date=26 November 2015|url-status=dead|quote=By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="BradenVillage1988">{{cite book|title=Leisure and entertainment in America|first1=Donna R.|last1=Braden|first2=Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield|last2=Village|publisher=Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village|isbn=978-0-933728-32-5|year=1988|url=https://archive.org/details/leisureentertain0000brad|quote=Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children's festivity.|url-access=registration|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> Κάποιοι Χριστιανοί απέχουν από την κατανάλωση κρέατος εκείνη την ημέρα, καθώς αποτελεί την παραμονή της Ημέρας των Αγίων Πάντων.<ref>Santino, p. 85</ref><ref>All Hallows' Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal</ref><ref name="Mahon1991">{{cite book|title=Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink|first=Bríd|last=Mahon|publisher=Poolbeg Press|isbn=978-1-85371-142-8|year=1991|page=138|language=en|quote=The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.}}</ref><ref name="Fieldhouse2017">{{cite book|title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions|first=Paul|last=Fieldhouse|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-61069-412-4|date=17 April 2017|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|language=en|quote=In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint's Day.|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031175805/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|archive-date=31 October 2017}}</ref>
 
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